Disparities in Prevalence of Smoking and Smoking Cessation during Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study

Table 2

Prevalence of smoking 6 months before pregnancy by family income, level of education, skin color, and age. Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, 2007–2013 ( = 7,572).

Variable/survey year	2007		2010		2013		% change	value for trend in the study period
		%		%		%	2007–2013
Overall	2,540	27.9	2,379	26.3	2,653	22.4	−19.7	<0.001
Family income quintile
1 (lowest)	580	41.7	539	32.1	622	33.8	−18.9	0.001
2	449	31.0	473	35.1	504	26.8	−13.5	0.019
3	449	27.9	435	28.3	469	22.0	−21.1	0.039
4	526	23.0	513	21.8	533	17.3	−24.8	0.021
5 (highest)	486	14.0	419	12.4	525	10.5	−25.0	0.088
value for linear trend	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Level of education (full years)
0–4	320	39.4	190	43.7	162	38.9	−1.3	0.927
5–8	917	38.1	884	38.0	892	34.6	−9.2	0.134
9–11	1,064	20.2	1,060	17.1	1,188	16.6	−17.8	0.027
12 or more	239	7.9	245	10.6	411	6.3	−20.2	0.322
value for heterogeneity	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Self-referred skin color
White	1,671	24.7	1,630	22.6	1,751	19.2	−22.3	<0.001
Mixed	517	31.9	507	34.7	593	28.2	−11.6	0.157
Black	332	36.4	242	33.9	308	29.5	−18.9	0.065
value for heterogeneity	<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Maternal age (years)
13–19	515	27.6	445	23.1	460	17.8	−35.5	<0.001
20–24	716	30.7	637	29.0	702	24.6	−19.9	0.011
25–29	622	25.2	614	28.0	638	24.0	−4.8	0.601
30 or more	687	27.7	683	24.3	853	21.9	−21.0	0.009
value for heterogeneity	0.166		0.069		0.035

Linearity deviation ( value for heterogeneity).