Prehospital Volume Therapy as an Independent Risk Factor after Trauma
Table 3
(a) Group-specific patient data for fluid administration at the accident site, in the emergency department, and during initial surgical treatment. (b) Group-specific patient data for fluid administration at the accident site, in the emergency department, and during initial surgical treatment.
(a)
Group
1 0–500 mL
2 501–1000 mL
3 1001–1500 mL
4 1501–2000 mL
5 ≥2001 mL
Total
Prehospital intubation (%)
33.3
53.8
70.6
82.1
91.1
63.6
<0.001
Prehospital resuscitation (CPR) (%)
2.2
2.8
2.8
3.2
5.7
3.2
<0.001
Prehospital catecholamines (%)
3.8
8
10.6
14.6
19.7
10.6
<0.001
Prehospital chest tube (%)
1.1
4.1
6.7
10.2
18.3
7.3
<0.001
Prehospital emergency treatment time, min. (mean, SD)
61 ± 28.3
66.9 ± 27.5
72.2 ± 28.7
75.3 ± 28.8
82.1 ± 31.2
70.6 ± 29.6
<0.001
Values are shown as mean, standard deviation (SD), or % of the group. CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
(b)
Group
1 0–500 mL
2 501–1000 mL
3 1001–1500 mL
4 1501–2000 mL
5 ≥2001 mL
Total
Prehospital blood pressure, mmHg (mean, SD)
133.8 ± 34.5
122 ± 34.7
115.4 ± 32.9
109.7 ± 32.3
100.3 ± 34.4
117.6 ± 35.6
<0.001
Blood pressure at admission, mmHg (mean, SD)
130.3 ± 29.7
124.2 ± 29.8
117.8 ± 30.2
116.4 ± 29.5
110.6 ± 31.2
120.7 ± 30.8
<0.001
Prehospital pulse rate per min. (mean, SD)
88 ± 20.6
91.8 ± 23.7
93.8 ± 24.3
97.3 ± 25.3
100.2 ± 28.8
93.7 ± 24.8
<0.001
Pulse at admission per min. (mean, SD)
86.1 ± 19.5
89.3 ± 20.8
89.3 ± 21.6
92.9 ± 22.1
95.6 ± 24.1
90.3 ± 21.8
<0.001
Base Excess at admission (mean, SD)
−2 ± 4
−2.8 ± 4.7
−3.6 ± 4.6
−4.3 ± 4.8
−5.2 ± 5.3
−3.4 ± 4.8
<0.001
Prothrombin time in hospital, sec. (mean, SD)
31.9 ± 16.3
32.5 ± 16.8
34.6 ± 17.2
38.4 ± 23
46.7 ± 31.6
35.8 ± 21.3
<0.001
Prothrombin ratio % (mean, SD)
84.7 ± 23
81.3 ± 21.2
75.8 ± 21.6
70.9 ± 22.6
62.5 ± 23.8
76.1 ± 23.6
<0.001
No units of pRBC (%) in hospital
83
73
62.7
53.2
37.3
63.9
<0.001
1–9 units of pRBC (%) in hospital
14.8
21.4
28.8
33.8
38.1
26.3
<0.001
Massive transfusions ≥10 units of pRBC (%) in hospital
2.2
5.7
8.5
13
24.7
9.9
<0.001
Values are shown as mean, standard deviation (SD), or % of the group. BP: blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; pRBC: packed red blood cells; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
