Immunotherapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review

Table 2

Risk stratification models in cytokine treated metastatic RCC.

Risk models	Model factors	Outcomes
MSKCC [27]	KPS <80%; LDH 1.5x ULN; Hemoglobin < LLN; Corrected calcium > ULN; Interval from diagnosis to treatment of <1 year	Median OS (months); Favorable: 30; Intermediate: 14; Poor: 5
UCLA SANI [28]	Lymph Node status; Constitutional symptoms; Location of metastasis; Sarcomatoid histology; TSH	5-year OS (%) and ORR (%); Low risk: 41 and 43; Intermediate: 19 and 27; High: 0 and 15
ISM [29]	Histology: clear cell with alveolar features; absence of papillary or granular features; CA-9 expression by IHC	Good risk accounted for 96% of responding patients and 56% of nonresponding patients

KPS: Karnofsky performance status, ULN: upper limit of normal, LLL: lower limit of normal, ISM: integrated selection model, ORR: overall response rate, CA-9: carbonic anhydrase-9, and IHC: immunohistochemistry.