The Adoption of Smoking and Its Effect on the Mortality Gender Gap in Netherlands: A Historical Perspective

Table 1

The contribution of different age groups and different causes of death to the sex difference in life expectancy at birth (e0), separately for smoking-related and nonsmoking-related mortality, Netherlands, selected years.

	Absolute contribution (in years)				Relative contribution (in percentage)
	1931	1950	1983	2012	1931	1950	1983	2012
Sex difference (e0) all-cause mortality	1.33	2.27	6.63	3.67	1.33	2.27	6.63	3.67
Contribution of smoking-related mortality	0.82	2.05	5.83	2.16	62%	90%	88%	59%
Contribution of nonsmoking-related mortality	0.51	0.22	0.80	1.51	38%	10%	12%	41%
Contribution causes of death
Mortality from infectious diseases	0.24	0.31	0.11	0.23	18%	13%	2%	6%
Cancer mortality	−0.11	0.16	1.77	1.43	−8%	7%	27%	39%
Smoking-related cancer mortality	0.14	0.56	2.46	1.43	11%	25%	37%	39%
Nonsmoking-related cancer mortality	−0.25	−0.40	−0.69	0.00	−19%	−18%	−10%	0%
CVD mortality	−0.15	0.22	2.88	1.03	−11%	10%	43%	28%
Smoking-related CVD mortality	0.17	0.57	1.67	0.24	13%	25%	25%	6%
Nonsmoking-related CVD mortality	−0.32	−0.35	1.21	0.80	−24%	−16%	18%	22%
Respiratory disease mortality	0.17	0.15	0.55	0.37	13%	7%	8%	10%
Smoking-related respiratory disease mortality	0.04	0.12	0.57	0.28	3%	5%	9%	7%
Nonsmoking-related respiratory disease mortality	0.13	0.03	−0.02	0.09	9%	1%	0%	3%
External mortality	0.89	0.76	0.61	0.42	67%	34%	9%	12%
Smoking-related external mortality	0.05	0.12	0.18	0.08	3%	5%	3%	2%
Nonsmoking-related external mortality	0.85	0.65	0.42	0.34	64%	28%	6%	9%
Other	0.29	0.68	0.71	0.18	22%	30%	11%	5%
Other smoking-related mortality	0.42	0.68	0.95	0.13	31%	30%	14%	4%
Other nonsmoking-related mortality	−0.13	0.00	−0.25	0.05	−10%	0%	−4%	1%
Contribution of age groups
0	0.90	0.48	0.14	0.05	68%	21%	2%	1%
1–4	0.17	0.09	0.03	0.02	13%	4%	0%	1%
5–19	0.11	0.26	0.15	0.06	9%	12%	2%	2%
20–49	−0.14	0.43	0.74	0.36	−10%	19%	11%	10%
50–64	0.06	0.62	1.89	0.58	4%	27%	28%	16%
65–79	0.19	0.31	3.07	1.63	14%	14%	46%	44%
80+	0.05	0.08	0.61	0.97	4%	3%	9%	27%