Pulmonary Responses of Sprague-Dawley Rats in Single Inhalation Exposure to Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials

Table 5

Concentrations of lung inflammatory and damage parameters in cell-free BAL fluid.

Markers	Group	1 day	7 days	14 days
TNF-α (pg/mL)	Control	38.15 ± 22.34	10.97 ± 8.31	14.52 ± 4.88
	Low	12.83 ± 7.88	34.27 ± 3.25	12.31 ± 3.82
	High	18.88 ± 6.02	34.62 ± 6.77	11.96 ± 4.97
IL-1β (pg/mL)	Control	12.23 ± 2.56	9.96 ± 1.63	16.69 ± 9.10
	Low	9.75 ± 1.24	9.93 ± 1.36	7.13 ± 0.93
	High	13.35 ± 2.79	18.84 ± 9.63	5.86 ± 2.06
IL-18 (pg/mL)	Control	127.44 ± 59.87	127.56 ± 65.09	151.64 ± 26.23
	Low	154.71 ± 76.44	323.24 ± 29.42	149.90 ± 38.64
	High	177.68 ± 59.95	361.68 ± 61.31^b	126.06 ± 40.95
G-CSF (pg/mL)	Control	1.43 ± 0.36	1.52 ± 0.51	1.44 ± 0.20
	Low	1.33 ± 0.40	3.02 ± 0.40	1.56 ± 0.29
	High	1.76 ± 0.46	3.05 ± 0.54	1.24 ± 0.31
M-CSF (pg/mL)	Control	4.78 ± 0.70	4.61 ± 1.53	4.04 ± 0.60
	Low	4.04 ± 0.89	6.06 ± 0.41	4.05 ± 0.22
	High	6.38 ± 1.08	7.78 ± 1.58	2.83 ± 0.72
VEGF (pg/mL)	Control	311.18 ± 53.55	330.28 ± 49.59	348.50 ± 63.75
	Low	361.76 ± 40.87	379.78 ± 66.06	422.10 ± 82.85
	High	294.94 ± 49.84	464.30 ± 39.59	319.20 ± 16.98
TGF-β1 (pg/mL)	Control	7.64 ± 2.42	5.07 ± 1.63	11.26 ± 1.71
	Low	10.00 ± 2.40	9.93 ± 1.36	9.54 ± 2.56
	High	8.50 ± 0.82	14.79 ± 9.63^b	12.77 ± 2.94
MMP-9 (ng/mL)	Control	18.92 ± 1.43	25.18 ± 7.14	24.79 ± 5.58
	Low	17.99 ± 0.57	13.49 ± 3.35	36.98 ± 18.02
	High	97.63 ± 27.91^a	34.94 ± 6.91	24.54 ± 7.31
TIMP-1 (pg/mL)	Control	660.90 ± 91.26	686.85 ± 74.24	582.19 ± 78.56
	Low	688.04 ± 11.60	711.33 ± 52.30	580.34 ± 86.26
	High	1,037.93 ± 156.37	725.42 ± 115.16	663.89 ± 92.97

Mean ± SE.
^aSignificantly high versus control and low ().
^bSignificantly high versus control ().