Current and New Approaches in GMO Detection: Challenges and Solutions

Table 5

Representative examples illustrating multiplex PCR microarray methods targeting GMO.

Multiplexing	Techniques	Methods	Targets	References
Duplex	DualChip GMO	Element-specific	p35S and tNOS	[59–61]
Duplex	DualChip GMO	Construct-specific	pNOS/nptII	[59–61]
		Virus-specific	CaMV
Triplex	DualChip GMO	Element-specific	pat, Cry1A(b), and CP4-EPSPS	[59–61]
Triplex	NAIMA	Taxon-specific	IVR	[62]
		Element-specific	p35S and tNOS
Triplex	NAIMA	Taxon-specific	IVR
		Element-specific	p35S	[62]
		Event-specific	MON810
Tetraplex	DualChip GMO	Plant-specific	RBCL	[59–61]
		Taxon-specific	IVR, LEC, and CRU	[63]
Octaplex	MQDA-PCR	Taxon-specific	HMG
		Element-specific	p35S and tNOS
		Event-specific	Bt176, Bt11, and MON810
		Other	IPC
Decaplex	PPLMD	Taxon-specific	SAD1, Zein, ACC, and LEC
		Element-specific	p35S, pFMV, and bar	[64]
		Event-specific	MON1445, Bt176, and GTS40-3-2
Dodecaplex	MQDA-PCR	Taxon-specific	HMG	[63]
		Element-specific	p35S, tNOS, and Amp
		Event-specific	Bt176, Bt11, MON810, T25, GA21, CBH351, and DBT418
		Other	IPC

ACC (acetyl-CoA-carboxylase gene from colza); Amp (ampicillin resistance gene); bar (phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferases gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus); CaMV (ORFIII from CaMV); CP4-EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain); CRU (cruciferin gene from colza); Cry (gene encoding the Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin); HMG (major high-mobility group protein gene from maize); IPC (internal positive control); IVR (invertase gene from maize); LEC (lectin gene from soybean); nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II gene); p35S (promoter of the 35 S cauliflower mosaic virus); pat (phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferases gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes); pFMV (promoter of the figwort mosaic virus); pNOS (promoter of the nopaline synthase gene); RBCL (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase); SAD1 (stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene from cotton); tNOS (terminator of the nopaline synthase gene); Zein (Zein gene from maize).