All-Trans Retinoic Acid Induces Proliferation, Survival, and Migration in A549 Lung Cancer Cells by Activating the ERK Signaling Pathway through a Transcription-Independent Mechanism

Figure 6

The inhibitor PD98059 with ATRA blocks the process of cell migration mediated by ATRA. A549 cells were serum-starved for 24 h and treated with 12 μM mitomycin C for 2 h. After starvation, cells were scratch-wounded and treated or nontreated (NT) with 5 μM of ATRA alone or in combination with 25 μM of PD98059 for 48 h. Pictures were taken at 48 h after wounding and quantification of wound area was documented from five random microscopic fields (means ± SEM, ; compared with NT cells, analysis of variance, and Newman-Keuls test).