Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Other Potential Biomarkers for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics: Beneficial Effects of the Nutraceutic Supplements

Table 2

Sociodemographic characteristics of diabetics with/without retinopathy.

	T2DM+DR	T2DM−DR
Age (years)	65.1 ± 8.6	62.3 ± 10.1	0.094
Gender (% of women)	52.7	48.6	0.645
DM duration (years)	19.2 ± 6.8	10.4 ± 7.1	<0.001
Physical exercise (%)	27.3	45.7	0.035
Smoking (%)	43.6	15.7	0.002
Alcohol drinking (%)	38.2	8.6	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.8 ± 4.6	28.0 ± 4.0	0.345
GAMD (%)	18.2	44.3	0.002

T2DM+DR: type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy; T2DM−DR: type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; GAMD: good adherence to Mediterranean diet. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
Statistically significant ().