Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Other Potential Biomarkers for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics: Beneficial Effects of the Nutraceutic Supplements

Table 4

Haematologic parameters in diabetics with/without retinopathy at baseline and at 18 months of follow-up.

	T2DM−DR			T2DM+DR
	Baseline	End of study		Baseline	End of study
MDA (µm/L)	2.37 ± 1.39	2.43 ± 0.98	0.724	3.63 ± 1.30	3.83 ± 1.81	0.482
TAS (µM)	2.64 ± 1.52	2.87 ± 1.31	0.203	1.96 ± 1.32	2.09 ± 1.39	0.020
HbA1c (%)	7.12 ± 1.55	6.99 ± 1.30	0.307	7.87 ± 1.48	8.72 ± 1.45	0.046
Total-c (mg/mL)	186.8 ± 39.4	184.3 ± 37.6	0.669	178.8 ± 32.6	181.3 ± 33.8	0.522
HDL-c (mg/mL)	50.4 ± 13.1	51.6 ± 14.2	0.479	51.5 ± 13.0	51.4 ± 13.0	0.959
LDL-c (mg/mL)	104.3 ± 28.6	102.3 ± 35.2	0.687	99.9 ± 29.4	102.6 ± 35.4	0.587

DM − R: diabetes mellitus without retinopathy; DM + R: diabetes mellitus with retinopathy; MDA: malondialdehyde; TAS: total antioxidant status; HbA1c: glycosilated hemoglobin; total-c: total-cholesterol; HDL-c: higher density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c: lower density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
Statistically significant ().