Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Other Potential Biomarkers for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics: Beneficial Effects of the Nutraceutic Supplements

Table 5

Oxidative status in diabetics according to the degree of retinopathy (ETDRS International scale).

T2DMG	MDA/TBARS (µmol/L)	TAA (µmol/L)
−DR	1.19 ± 0.53	3.84 ± 1.24
+DR
Mild DR	3.00 ± 1.74	2.38 ± 1.30
Moderate DR	4.94 ± 1.29	1.29 ± 0.59
Severe DR	5.36 ± 0.51	1.10 ± 0.34
value

−DR: diabetes mellitus without retinopathy; +DR: diabetes mellitus with retinopathy; MDA: malondialdehyde; TAA: total antioxidant activity. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
value obtained from ANOVA analysis.
Statistically significant ().