Elevated Serum Levels of Cysteine and Tyrosine: Early Biomarkers in Asymptomatic Adults at Increased Risk of Developing Metabolic Syndrome

Table 1

Baseline characteristic and physiologic measures.

Variable	Group
	MetS0; = 31	MetS1; = 35	MetS2; = 30
Baseline characteristics
Female	20 (65%)	24 (69%)	20 (67%)
Age (years)	36.6 ± 6.5	36.7 ± 5.6	39.5 ± 6.2
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.6 ± 2.2	26.4 ± 4.2^b	29.0 ± 3.5^d,e
Waist circumference (cm)	74.1 ± 6.7	85.5 ± 9.2^b	96.5 ± 8.4^d,f
Waist/hip ratio	0.81 ± 0.07	0.85 ± 0.09^a	0.90 ± 0.06^d,e
ABSI (m^11/6/kg^2/3)	0.073 ± 0.005	0.074 ± 0.005	0.077 ± 0.004^d,f
Systolic blood pres. (mmHg)	119 ± 14	122 ± 13	134 ± 20
Diastolic blood pres. (mmHg)	67 ± 6	73 ± 12	80 ± 12^c
Pulse (rate/min)	58 ± 25	55 ± 29	66 ± 9^c,e
Smoking (%)
Yes	19	17	10
No	81	83	90
Dietary intake
Total energy (kcal/day)	1950 ± 500	2050 ± 650	2100 ± 700
Total carbohydrate (g/day)	240 ± 70	250 ± 100	250 ± 100
Total fiber (g/day)	23 ± 11	21 ± 7	23 ± 10
Total protein (g/day)	75 ± 25	85 ± 30	90 ± 40^c
Total fat (g/day)	75 ± 25	80 ± 30	80 ± 30
Total saturated fat (g/day)	23 ± 10	25 ± 10	28 ± 12
Polyunsaturated fat (g/day)	11 ± 5	11 ± 5	11 ± 6
Physical status
Fitness index	110 ± 15	90 ± 15^a	80 ± 15^c
Body composition
Body fat (%)	21.9 ± 6.6	29.9 ± 10.1^a	35.6 ± 9.5^d,e
Resting metabolic rate
RMR (kcal/day)	1470 ± 300	1440 ± 300	1450 ± 400
Insulin resistance
HOMA-IR	1.2 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 1.2^d,f

ABSI: a body shape index; BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: insulin resistance score; RMR: resting metabolic rate.
Values are presented as means ± SD.
^a,bGroup MetS1 is significantly different from group MetS0 at < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively.
^c,dGroup MetS2 is significantly different from group MetS0 at < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively.
^e,fGroup MetS2 is significantly different from group MetS1 at < 0.05 and < 0.001, respectively.