Cholesteryl Pullulan Encapsulated TNF-α Nanoparticles Are an Effective Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant against Influenza Virus

Figure 3

Proliferation and cytokine production by splenocytes from mice nasally administered TNF/CHP nanoparticles. Mice were nasally administered IVV and TNF/CHP nanoparticles or CTB as described. Splenocytes were prepared from the mice and IVV-specific proliferation and IL-4 and IFN-γ-producing cells were examined with alamarBlue and ELISpot, respectively. The results represent the difference (Δ) between cases with and without IVV antigen stimulation. (a) Proliferation response, (b) cytokine-producing cells. Blue column, IL-4 production; red column, IFN-γ production (mean ± SEM, ). versus saline/IVV.

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