Glycosylation-Based Serum Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics

Table 1

List of FDA-approved cancer biomarkers currently used in clinical practice.

Marker	Full name	Cancer types	Detection type	Clinical applications	Year of FDA approval
AFP	α-Fetoprotein	Liver	Protein concentrations and core fucosylation; (for AFP-L3)	Diagnosis, staging, detecting recurrence, and monitoring therapy	1992/2008
PSA, Pro2PSA	Prostate-specific antigen	Prostate	Protein concentrations	Screening, discriminating cancer from benign disease	1986/1994/; 2012
CA125 (MUC16)	Cancer antigen 125	Ovarian	Protein concentrations	Monitoring therapy, detecting recurrence	1997/2011
HE4 (WFDC2)	Human epididymis protein 4	Ovarian	Protein concentrations	Monitoring therapy, detecting recurrence	2008
OVA1 test (multiple proteins)	-2 Microglobulin + CA 125II (up), apolipoprotein A1 + prealbumin + transferrin (down)	Ovarian	Protein concentrations	Prediction	2009
ROMA test	HE4 + CA125	Ovarian	Protein concentrations	Prediction	2011
CA15-3 (MUC1)	Cancer antigen 15-3	Breast	Sialylated O-linked oligosaccharide on MUC1	Monitoring therapy	1997
CA27-29	Cancer antigen 27-29	Breast	MUC1 protein levels	Monitoring therapy	2002
CA19-9	Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 or cancer antigen 19-9	Pancreatic, ovarian	SLe^a on mucin glycoproteins and gangliosides	Monitoring therapy	2002
CEA	Carcinoembryonic antigen	Colon, gastric, pancreatic, lung, and breast	Protein concentrations	Monitoring therapy, detecting recurrence	1985
HER2/neu	Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2	Breast	Protein concentrations	Therapy choice	1998
Tg	Thyroglobulin	Thyroid	Protein concentrations	Monitoring therapy	1997
hCG	Human chorionic gonadotropin	Testicular, ovarian	Protein concentrations	Diagnosis, staging, detecting recurrence, and monitoring therapy	Not; approved