Chronotropic Modulation of the Source-Sink Relationship of Sinoatrial-Atrial Impulse Conduction and Its Significance to Initiation of AF: A One-Dimensional Model Study

Figure 2

Simulated chronotropic interventions on Severi et al. SAN AP firing. (a–g) 1 s long APs sequences reported in their steady state conditions under the following treatments: physiological condition (NT), 1 μM isoproterenol (Iso), 11 nM acetylcholine (ACh), 61.5% reduction, 74% reduction, 3 μM Ivabradine (Iva), and 100% reduction of SR calcium uptake + 34% reduction (). (h) Treatments-induced changes in 3 AP parameters, as compared to their control values (NT).