Temporal Trends and Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use in Lusaka, Zambia, 2004–2011

Table 3

Predictors of long-acting reversible contraception use among 16–50-year-old nonpregnant female heads of household using highly effective reversible contraception in Lusaka, Zambia, 2004–2011 ( = 12,964).

	Women using; long-acting reversible contraception; (); Percentage	Women using highly effective short-term reversible contraception; ( = 12,098); Percentage	Univariable; OR (95% CI)	Multivariable; OR (95% CI)
Age
16–24	14.6%	25.8%	0.33 (0.25, 0.45)	0.46 (0.34, 0.61)
25–30	35.3%	37.3%	0.56 (0.42, 0.74)	0.66 (0.50, 0.89)
31–39	35.7%	28.5%	0.74 (0.57, 0.96)	0.80 (0.61, 1.04)
40–50	14.4%	8.5%	1	1
Education
None	2.8%	3.3%	0.70 (0.42, 1.18)	0.97 (0.57, 1.65)
Primary	27.2%	38.9%	0.58 (0.45, 0.74)	0.70 (0.56, 0.89)
Secondary	70.0%	57.8%	1	1
Marital status
Married/cohabitating	95.0%	94.8%	1.03 (0.72, 1.48)
Single/divorced/widowed	5.0%	5.2%	1
Religion
Christian	99.0%	99.2%	0.72 (0.26, 2/03)
Other	1.0%	0.8%	1
Living children, mean (SD)	3.04 (0.08)	2.76 (0.02)	1.11 (1.06, 1.17)
None	1.9%	2.8%
1	98.1%	97.2%
Socioeconomic status
Low	27.6%	39.3%	1	1
Medium	42.9%	40.5%	1.51 (1.20, 1.90)	1.02 (0.82, 1.25)
High	29.6%	20.2%	2.09 (1.59, 2.74)	1.42 (1.14, 1.78)
Household decision maker
Woman	64.8%	60.2%	1
Husband/male partner	21.2%	23.4%	0.84 (0.66, 1.07)
Decision made jointly	13.9%	16.1%	0.80 (0.63, 1.01)
Other	0.0%	0.03%	0.17 (0.02, 1.29)
Survey year
2004	2.0%	8.1%	0.94 (0.46, 1.92)	0.98 (0.48, 1.97)
2005	4.9%	15.2%	1.25 (0.83, 1.88)	1.27 (0.86, 1.89)
2006	1.5%	8.3%	0.70 (0.37, 1.33)	0.71 (0.38, 1.34)
2007	6.8%	26.5%	1	1
2008	2.0%	8.4%	0.94 (0.50, 1.78)	0.90 (0.48, 1.70)
2010	13.6%	8.9%	5.90 (3.96, 8.80)	5.50 (3.69, 8.35)
2011	69.2%	24.6%	10.91 (7.96, 14.95)	10.73 (7.87, 14.61)

Percentages and odds ratios adjusted for complex sampling
Survey data from all years were appended into a single data set.
Included in multivariable model.
Long-acting reversible contraception includes subdermal implants and intrauterine devices.
Highly effective short-term reversible contraception includes oral contraceptive pills and injectables. Lactational amenorrhea was excluded because duration was not recorded as part of the survey.