Research Article
Does More Education Always Lead to Better Health? Evidence from Rural Malaysia
Table 2
Chronic disease and hospital visits.
| Variables | Number of chronic diseases (negative binomial model) | Health system contacts (Poisson model) |
| Education | 0.964*** (0.0133) | 0.949** (0.0245) | Residents age | 1.153*** (0.0095) | 1.089*** (0.0144) | Residents age squared | 0.999*** () | 0.999*** (0.000125) | Sex (omitted case: male) | | | Female | 1.139*** (0.0486) | 1.286*** (0.0996) | Marital status (omitted case: single) | | | Married | 0.945 (0.0605) | 1.057 (0.121) | Divorced | 1.084 (0.135) | 0.963 (0.231) | Widowed | 0.998 (0.1000) | 0.873 (0.169) | Separated | 1.125 (0.261) | 0.808 (0.415) | Household residents | 0.997 (0.0083) | 0.956*** (0.016) | Ethnicity (omitted case: Malay) | | | Chinese | 1.187*** (0.0618) | 1.045 (0.101) | Indian | 1.255*** (0.0917) | 0.993 (0.133) | Indigenous | 1.206 (0.140) | 1.502** (0.250) | Other ethnicities | 0.999 (0.256) | 0.735 (0.372) | Self-insurance | 1.113** (0.054) | 1.112 (0.101) | Occupation (omitted case: labourer) | | | agric | 0.998 (0.077) | 0.951 (0.129) | mang | 1.803* (0.616) | 1.999 (1.185) | con | 0.879 (0.118) | 0.851 (0.216) | edu | 1.102 (0.0968) | 1.085 (0.169) | eng | 1.045 (0.137) | 0.973 (0.231) | food | 1.088 (0.118) | 0.865 (0.176) | gov | 1.282** (0.145) | 1.340 (0.270) | man | 1.092 (0.121) | 0.776 (0.176) | oth | 1.164 (0.116) | 0.723* (0.140) | sal | 1.024 (0.105) | 0.784 (0.150) | health | 0.936 (0.162) | 0.939 (0.296) | sec | 1.380*** (0.144) | 1.093 (0.212) | tran | 0.997 (0.106) | 1.174 (0.214) | prof | 1.283* (0.193) | 1.147 (0.332) | Interactions: occupation and tertiary education | | | Agric*ter | 1.073*** (0.533) | 1.116*** (0.045) | Mang*ter | 0.910 (0.093) | 0.207 (0.042) | Con*ter | 1.083* (0.048) | 1.160*** (0.068) | Edu*ter | 1.000 (0.112) | 0.993 (0.207) | Eng*ter | 1.008 (0.038) | 1.040 (0.061) | Food*ter | 0.965 (0.072) | 0.209 (0.035) | Gov*ter | 0.867*** (0.048) | 0.842 (0.093) | Man*ter | 1.089* (0.048) | 0.220 (0.358) | Oth*ter | 0.971 (0.059) | 1.049 (0.102) | Sal*ter | 1.055* (0.035) | 0.926 (0.102) | Health*ter | 1.022 (0.031) | 0.969 (0.061) | Sec*ter | 0.906 (0.066) | 1.058 (0.078) | Tran*ter | 0.932 (0.100) | 0.207 (44.945) | Prof*ter | 1.033 (0.028) | 1.021 (0.052) | Subdistrict (omitted case: Sungai Segamat) | | | Bekok | 2.091*** (0.125) | 2.946*** (0.325) | Gemereh | 1.899*** (0.120) | 1.251* (0.171) | Chaah | 1.376*** (0.113) | 1.831*** (0.273) | Jabi | 1.016 (0.070) | 1.263* (0.165) | Other (unlisted subdistrict) | 1.179*** (0.068) | 1.388*** (0.155) | Constant | 0.004*** (0.0009) | 0.006*** (0.002) | Observations | 8,849 | 8,849 |
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Standard errors in parentheses, ***, **, and *, lnalpha, chi-squared(1) = 40.00 (0.00). Pearson Prob chi2(8,800) = 0.00 (chronic disease), chi2(8,800) = 0.21 (doctor visits).
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