Maternal Glucose during Pregnancy and after Delivery in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Overweight Status of Their Children
Table 1
Characteristics of 1263 gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) mother-child pairs in Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Program.
2-hour glucose level at 26–30 gestational weeks of OGTT
for difference
Maternal glycemic status after 1–5 years of deliverya
for difference
7.8–8.69 (IGT)
8.7–11.09 (IGT)
≥11.1 (DM)
Normal glucose
Prediabetesa
Diabetesa
Number of subjects
576
581
106
780
400
83
Maternal characteristics
Age (years)
32.0 (3.3)
32.6 (3.5)
33.4 (4.0)
<0.001
32.3 (3.5)
32.5 (3.5)
32.7 (3.8)
0.59
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
22.8 (3.2)
23.2 (3.4)
24.2 (3.5)
<0.001
22.5 (3.0)
23.9 (3.4)
25.6 (3.7)
<0.001
Fasting glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks (mmol/L)
5.1 (0.6)
5.3 (0.7)
6.4 (1.3)
<0.001
5.2 (0.7)
5.5 (0.8)
6.0 (1.2)
<0.001
2-hour glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks (mmol/L)
8.2 (0.3)
9.6 (0.6)
12.3 (1.1)
<0.001
8.9 (1.1)
9.3 (1.3)
10.5 (1.7)
<0.001
Gestational weight gain (kg)
17.2 (6.1)
16.7 (6.1)
15.7 (5.4)
0.053
17.2 (6.0)
16.5 (6.0)
14.6 (5.9)
<0.001
Current BMI (kg/m2)
24.1 (3.8)
24.1 (4.0)
24.9 (3.9)
0.14
23.2 (3.4)
25.4 (4.1)
27.3 (4.0)
<0.001
Current smoking (%)
3.3
1.5
0.9
0.12
2.3
2.2
2.4
0.19
Prepregnancy overweight (%)b
32.6
35.3
45.3
0.042
28.3
41.8
63.9
<0.001
Education (%)
0.074
0.046
<13 years
23.4
19.3
31.1
19.7
24.8
32.5
13–16 years
69.3
72.6
63.2
72.2
68.5
61.4
≥16 years
7.3
8.1
5.7
8.1
6.8
6.0
Family income (yuan/month)
0.13
0.014
<5000
25.9
28.6
31.1
25.3
29.2
41.0
5000–8000
39.2
36.3
26.4
36.9
36.8
36.1
≥8000
34.9
35.1
42.5
37.8
34.0
22.9
Married (%)
99.0
99.1
98.1
0.63
99.0
99.0
98.9
0.99
Family history of diabetes (%)
32.3
36.1
48.1
0.007
31.4
38.5
57.8
<0.001
Children characteristics
Sex (boys %)
Age at baseline survey (months)
28.0 (10.6)
26.8 (10.3)
28.0 (10.6)
0.10
27.1 (10.4)
27.3 (10.2)
31.6 (11.4)
0.001
Age range (months)
13.6–59.0
14.1–59.0
15.4–59.0
13.6–59.0
14.6–59.0
14.7–58.6
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)
39.1 (1.5)
39.0 (1.5)
38.6 (1.8)
0.008
39.1 (1.5)
39.1 (1.4)
38.5 (1.8)
0.008
Birth weight (g)
3541 (501)
3550 (541)
3540 (559)
0.95
3512 (491)
3598 (557)
3601 (635)
0.018
Birth recumbent length (cm)
50.8 (1.9)
50.7 (2.1)
51.0 (2.3)
0.28
50.6 (2.0)
50.9 (2.0)
51.1 (2.5)
0.010
Birth weight for gestational age score
0.38 (1.2)
0.44 (1.2)
0.57 (1.2)
0.30
0.34 (1.1)
0.52 (1.3)
0.76 (1.3)
0.001
Birth weight for length for gestational age score
0.33 (1.2)
0.41 (1.2)
0.46 (1.2)
0.40
0.31 (1.1)
0.46 (1.3)
0.63 (1.2)
0.014
Preterm (%)
3.6
4.8
9.4
0.034
4.1
4.2
12.0
0.004
Small for gestational age (%)
5.7
4.5
6.6
0.51
4.6
6.5
4.8
0.38
Large for gestational age (%)
18.9
21.3
24.5
0.34
16.5
25.8
32.5
<0.001
Breast feeding (%)
0.046
0.048
Exclusive breast feeding
43.9
38.6
35.8
41.9
40.0
33.7
Mixed feeding
41.5
43.2
40.6
42.6
42.0
39.8
Weaned from breast feeding
1.2
3.3
1.9
2.2
2.8
0
Exclusive formula feeding
13.4
15.0
21.7
13.3
15.2
26.5
Baseline characteristics represent mean (SD) or percentage.
aPrediabetes was defined as plasma fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L and/or 2 h glucose 7.8–11.0 mmol/L; diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L.
bOverweight was defined as body mass index more than 24 kg/m2.
