Examining the Relationship between Heavy Alcohol Use and Assaults: With Adjustment for the Effects of Unmeasured Confounders

Table 1

Associations between heavy alcohol use and three outcome variables (violent behaviour, driving without wearing a seatbelt all of the time, and driving under the influence of alcohol). Estimates from standard logistic regression.

	Violent behaviour			Driving without seatbelt			Driving while under the influence of alcohol
	Odds ratio	95% CI		Odds ratio	95% CI^∧		Odds ratio	95% CI^∧
Days of having 5+ drinks last month
0	1.00			1.00			1.00
1	1.22	0.96	1.56	1.13	0.91	1.41	2.50^*	2.27	2.76
2	1.43^*	1.06	1.93	1.35^*	1.02	1.79	3.30^*	2.96	3.68
3 to 4	1.45^*	1.16	1.82	1.53^*	1.20	1.95	4.60^*	4.13	5.12
5 to 8	1.98^*	1.58	2.47	1.38^*	1.08	1.77	5.77^*	5.15	6.47
9 to 30	2.49^*	2.01	3.10	1.53^*	1.21	1.93	6.88^*	6.09	7.77
Used tobacco last year
No	1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	1.45^*	1.19	1.76	1.50^*	1.25	1.80	1.12^*	1.04	1.20
Used illicit drug last year
No	1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	2.09^*	1.80	2.44	1.10	0.94	1.28	2.66^*	2.47	2.86
Age
18	1.00			1.00			1.00
19	0.86	0.69	1.08	0.87	0.66	1.15	1.03	0.88	1.19
20	0.70^*	0.55	0.90	0.97	0.73	1.29	1.11	0.95	1.30
21	0.65^*	0.52	0.83	1.02	0.77	1.35	1.29^*	1.11	1.49
22–23	0.56^*	0.45	0.70	1.30^*	1.01	1.68	1.43^*	1.25	1.63
24–25	0.49^*	0.39	0.62	1.18	0.90	1.55	1.43^*	1.24	1.64
26–29	0.37^*	0.28	0.50	1.11	0.81	1.50	1.43^*	1.23	1.67
30–34	0.31^*	0.22	0.43	0.95	0.70	1.31	1.38^*	1.18	1.62
35–49	0.17^*	0.12	0.24	0.68^*	0.50	0.93	1.22^*	1.05	1.42
50–64	0.10^*	0.06	0.17	0.49^*	0.33	0.72	1.10	0.93	1.30
65+	0.14^*	0.05	0.38	0.48^*	0.28	0.82	0.66^*	0.52	0.84
Gender
Male	1.00			1.00			1.00
Female	0.68^*	0.59	0.79	0.44^*	0.37	0.52	0.69^*	0.64	0.73
Race
White	1.00			1.00			1.00
Black	2.05^*	1.69	2.47	0.60^*	0.47	0.76	0.81^*	0.73	0.91
Native American	1.91^*	1.23	2.95	0.75	0.40	1.41	1.32	0.91	1.92
Native Pacific Islander	3.88	0.92	16.41	0.50	0.14	1.85	0.73	0.34	1.53
Asian	1.00	0.61	1.64	0.73	0.35	1.49	0.48^*	0.40	0.58
Mixed race	1.88^*	1.27	2.78	0.87	0.56	1.36	0.76^*	0.62	0.93
Hispanic	1.29^*	1.03	1.60	0.48^*	0.38	0.61	0.78^*	0.70	0.87
Education
Less than high school	1.00			1.00			1.00
High school graduate	0.83	0.68	1.02	1.02	0.83	1.25	1.32^*	1.18	1.49
Some college	0.55^*	0.44	0.69	0.59^*	0.47	0.74	1.68^*	1.49	1.90
College graduate	0.36^*	0.26	0.50	0.28^*	0.21	0.39	2.16^*	1.90	2.45
Family income
<$20,000	1.00			1.00			1.00
$20,000–$49,999	1.07	0.91	1.26	0.93	0.76	1.14	1.28^*	1.16	1.40
$50,000–$74,999	0.74^*	0.60	0.92	0.82	0.64	1.04	1.58^*	1.42	1.77
$75,000+	0.78^*	0.63	0.97	0.77^*	0.61	0.98	1.70^*	1.53	1.88
Marital status
Married	1.00			1.00			1.00
Widowed	0.98	0.35	2.74	1.64	0.89	3.06	0.86	0.65	1.13
Divorced or separated	1.42^*	1.05	1.94	1.50^*	1.18	1.90	1.30^*	1.17	1.45
Never been married	1.38^*	1.07	1.77	1.26^*	1.02	1.55	1.24^*	1.14	1.36
Health status
Excellent	1.00			1.00			1.00
Very good	0.95	0.79	1.15	0.99	0.82	1.20	1.11	1.02	1.20
Good	1.16	0.94	1.42	1.29^*	1.06	1.57	0.94	0.86	1.03
Fair	1.16	0.88	1.54	1.60^*	1.21	2.12	0.78^*	0.67	0.90
Poor	3.32^*	1.53	7.19	3.48^*	1.91	6.35	0.39^*	0.29	0.55
Major depressive episode
Never	1.00			1.00			1.00
Ever, but not in the last 12 months	1.51^*	1.13	2.01	1.11	0.78	1.58	1.58^*	1.41	1.77
In the last 12 months	3.02^*	2.52	3.62	1.28	0.98	1.68	1.89^*	1.70	2.10
County metro status
Large metro	1.00			1.00			1.00
Small metro	1.05	0.89	1.23	0.95	0.80	1.13	1.12^*	1.04	1.20
Nonmetro	1.22	0.99	1.50	1.32^*	1.08	1.60	1.02	0.94	1.12
Year of survey
2009	1.00			1.00			1.00
2010	0.92	0.77	1.09	1.00	0.85	1.19	0.95	0.89	1.03
2011	0.84	0.70	1.00	1.05	0.88	1.26	0.99	0.91	1.07

95% confidence interval.
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