Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using the Allium cepa and Artemia salina Bioassays

Table 4

Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of iCNSL and tCNSL as measured by the number of micronuclei (mean ± SD of 1.000 cells per slide, 5 slides per test group) in A. cepa root meristems at different concentrations and treatments with copper sulphate (1.2 µg·mL⁻¹).

Treatments	Controls/vehicle			iCNSL			tCNSL
	NC	PC	TWEEN	Concentrations			Concentrations
				17.37 µg·mL^−1	34.75 µg·mL^−1	69.50 µg·mL^−1	17.37 µg·mL^−1	34.75 µg·mL^−1	69.50 µg·mL^−1
Without treatment
Pretreatment	NT	NT	NT
Cotreatment	NT	NT	NT
Posttreatment	NT	NT	NT

NC (dechlorinated water). PC (copper sulphate solution). TWEEN (solvent). NT (not tested). 5.000 cells evaluated per bulb, totalling 5.000 per group. ^aSignificant compared with the negative control; ^bsignificant compared with the positive control. < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001 ANOVA. Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons between groups.