Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using the Allium cepa and Artemia salina Bioassays

Table 5

Antimutagenicity of iCNSL and tCNSL as measured by the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (mean ± SD of 1.000 cells per slide, 5 slides per test group) in A. cepa root meristems at different concentrations (pre-, co-, and posttreatment) with copper sulphate (1.2 µg·mL⁻¹).

Groups with concentration	Chromosome bridges	Chromosomal aberration/5000 cells				Total frequency (%)
		Vagrant chromosomes	Laggard chromosomes	Fragments	Total frequency
iCNSL pretreatment
17,37 µg·mL^−1	0.40 ± 0.89^b*	1.60 ± 0.50^b***	4.00 ± 4.84	2.00 ± 1.22	8.00 ± 3.46^b***	0.80 ± 0.34^b***
34,75 µg·mL^−1	0.60 ± 0.89^b*	1.20 ± 1.09^b***	2.60 ± 2.96^b*	2.60 ± 1.94	7.00 ± 4.06^b***	0.70 ± 0.40^b***
tCNSL pretreatment
17,37 µg·mL^−1	1.20 ± 1.00	1.00 ± 0.00^b***	8.00 ± 4.41	1.20 ± 0.83^b*	11.40 ± 7.33^b***	1.14 ± 0.73^b***
34,75 µg·mL^−1	0.75 ± 0.50	1.20 ± 0.44^b***	8.20 ± 3.11	2.40 ± 1.51	12.80 ± 3.76^b***	1.28 ± 0.37^b***
69,5 µg·mL^−1	0.80 ± 0.40	1.60 ± 0.44^b***	8.00 ± 4.00	2.60 ± 1.81	13.00 ± 5.61^b***	1.30 ± 0.56^b***
iCNSL cotreatment
17,37 µg·mL^−1	0.40 ± 0.89^b*	1.00 ± 0.00^b***	3.40 ± 1.81^b*	1.60 ± 1.14	6.40 ± 2.51^b***	0.64 ± 0.25^b***
34,75 µg·mL^−1	0.20 ± 0.44^b*	1.20 ± 0.44^b***	5.40 ± 2.60	1.00 ± 0.70^b**	7.80 ± 2.77^b***	0.78 ± 0.27^b***
tCNSL cotreatment
17,37 µg·mL^−1	0.60 ± 0.54^b*	1.60 ± 1.14^b***	5.20 ± 1.78	2.00 ± 1.00	9.40 ± 2.51^b***	0.94 ± 0.25^b***
34,75 µg·mL^−1	0.60 ± 0.54^b*	1.20 ± 1.64^b***	4.60 ± 2.19	2.40 ± 1.14	8.80 ± 0.30^b***	8.80 ± 3.03^b***
69,50 µg·mL^−1	1.60 ± 1.94	3.40 ± 1.67^b***	8.80 ± 5.35	3.40 ± 2.79	17.20 ± 5.76^b***	1.72 ± 0.57^b***
iCNSL posttreatment
17,37 µg·mL^−1	0.20 ± 0.44^b**	1.20 ± 0.83^b***	1.60 ± 1.57^b**	1.60 ± 1.14	4.60 ± 1.81^b***	0.46 ± 0.18^b***
34,75 µg·mL^−1	0.20 ± 0,44^b*	2.00 ± 1.00^b***	4.00 ± 4.35	2.40 ± 0.89	8.60 ± 4.27^b***	0.86 ± 0.42^b***
tCNSL posttreatment
17,37 µg·mL^−1	1.20 ± 0.44	1.00 ± 1.22^b***	6.00 ± 4.84	1.00 ± 1.22^b*	9.20 ± 7.46^b***	0.92 ± 0.74^b***
34,75 µg·mL^−1	0.80 ± 0.44	2.60 ± 1.51^b***	7.40 ± 2.52	2.60 ± 2.60	13.00 ± 6.51^b***	1.30 ± 0.65^b***
69,50 µg·mL^−1	1.20 ± 0.44	3.80 ± 1.78^b**	7.00 ± 4.12	2.80 ± 0.83	14.80 ± 4.08^b**	1.48 ± 0.40^b**

NC (dechlorinated water). PC (copper sulphate solution). TWEEN (solvent). NT (not tested). 5.000 cells evaluated per bulb, totalling 5,000 per group. ^aSignificant compared with the negative control; ^bsignificant compared with the positive control. ^* < 0.05, ^** < 0.01, and ^*** < 0.001 ANOVA. Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons between groups.