Trunk and Shoulder Kinematic and Kinetic and Electromyographic Adaptations to Slope Increase during Motorized Treadmill Propulsion among Manual Wheelchair Users with a Spinal Cord Injury

Table 4

Group average (SD), total excursion (°), and maximum and minimum (°) kinematic values measured at the trunk and nondominant shoulder at the five different slopes tested as well as the results of the ANOVA and post hoc comparison test.

		Slopes					ANOVA	Eta-squared	Post hoc comparisons
		0°	2.7°	3.6°	4.8°	71°			0° versus 2.7°	2.7° versus 3.6°	3.6° versus 4.8°	4.8° versus 7.1°
Joint angle (°)		Trunk—flexion (+), extension (−)							Trunk—flexion (+), extension (−)
	Excursion	5.88 (2.12)	12.67 (3.40)	14.56 (2.77)	17.61 (3.96)	22.37 (6.00)	<0.001	0.907	<0.001	0.006	<0.001	0.003
	Maximum	19.27 (6.23)	35.92 (8.45)	39.45 (8.31)	45.79 (8.53)	60.93 (11.30)	<0.001	0.889	<0.001	0.031	0.002	0.005
	Minimum	13.39 (6.14)	23.26 (7.75)	24.90 (8.05)	28.18 (7.71)	38.57 (8.59)	<0.001	0.910	<0.001	0.028	<0.001	<0.001
		Shoulder—flexion (+), extension (−)							Shoulder—flexion (+), extension (−)
	Excursion	55.67 (9.20)	58.17 (10.92)	59.63 (9.01)	60.19 (6.98)	64.99 (8.95)	0.019	0.296	0.072	0.183	0.473	0.217
	Maximum	11.31 (9.34)	18.00 (8.20)	19.35 (7.62)	22.59 (7.30)	30.88 (7.45)	<0.001	0.849	<0.001	0.001	0.054	<0.001
	Minimum	−44.36 (9.35)	−40.17 (9.36)	−40.27 (9.15)	−37.60 (8.34)	−34.10 (10.36)	<0.001	0.651	<0.001	0.006	<0.001	<0.001
		Shoulder—abduction (+), adduction (−)							Shoulder—abduction (+), adduction (−)
	Excursion	9.35 (3.43)	12.27 (7.16)	13.48 (6.61)	14.88 (7.56)	19.65 (11.88)	0.012	0.337	0.010	0.363	0.158	0.047
	Maximum	33.25 (8.00)	34.81 (10.65)	35.40 (10.26)	34.88 (10.57)	40.60 (15.43)	0.083	—	—	—	—	—
	Minimum	23.90 (6.27)	22.53 (7.26)	21.92 (6.66)	20.00 (5.45)	20.94 (5.70)	0.038	—	—	—	—	—
		Shoulder—internal rotation (+), external rotation (−)							Shoulder—internal rotation (+), external rotation (−)
	Excursion	24.86 (8.20)	30.55 (10.24)	33.35 (8.83)	34.52 (9.44)	43.28 (11.34)	<0.001	0.623	0.004	0.040	0.765	0.013
	Maximum	31.57 (16.82)	37.89 (18.46)	40.15 (19.17)	43.02 (12.23)	49.69 (8.71)	<0.001	0.665	<0.001	0.029	0.855	0.033
	Minimum	6.71 (13.57)	7.34 (15.10)	6.80 (16.94)	8.50 (9.18)	6.41 (7.70)	0.152	—	—	—	—	—