BioMed Research International

Research Article

Trunk and Shoulder Kinematic and Kinetic and Electromyographic Adaptations to Slope Increase during Motorized Treadmill Propulsion among Manual Wheelchair Users with a Spinal Cord Injury

Table 6

Group average (1 SD), mean muscle utilisation ratio (MUR), peak MUR (/1), and indicator of muscle work (IMW) values for each muscle assessed at the nondominant shoulder at five different slope angles as well as results of the ANOVA and post hoc comparison tests.


	Slopes					ANOVA	Eta-squared	Post hoc comparisons
	0°	2.7°	3.6°	4.8°	71°	ANOVA	Eta-squared	0° versus 2.7°	2.7° versus 3.6°	3.6° versus 4.8°	4.8° versus 7.1°

	Anterior deltoid							Anterior deltoid
Mean MUR (/1)	0.07 (0.04)	0.21 (0.09)	0.23 (0.12)	0.26 (0.10)	0.34 (0.13)	<0.001	0.831	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	0.001
Peak MUR (/1)	0.14 (0.08)	0.44 (0.23)	0.48 (0.26)	0.54 (0.26)	0.68 (0.28)	<0.001	0.836	<0.001	0.002	<0.001	<0.001
IMW	7.18 (3.98)	20.70 (9.43)	23.48 (12.37)	26.06 (10.43)	34.48 (13.04)	<0.001	0.829	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.002

	Posterior deltoid							Posterior deltoid
Mean MUR (/1)	0.08 (0.07)	0.20 (0.14)	0.24 (0.24)	0.23 (0.10)	0.27 (0.06)	<0.001	0.907	<0.001	0.144	<0.001	<0.001
Peak MUR (/1)	0.20 (0.14)	0.52 (0.31)	0.62 (0.51)	0.60 (0.19)	0.77 (0.19)	<0.001	0.894	<0.001	0.027	0.001	0.005
IMW	7.95 (6.92)	20.36 (13.84)	24.43 (23.81)	23.35 (10.47)	27.34 (6.48)	<0.001	0.906	<0.001	0.143	<0.001	<0.001

	Clavicular fibers of pectoralis major							Clavicular fibers of pectoralis major
Mean MUR (/1)	0.07 (0.04)	0.18 (0.10)	0.20 (0.10)	0.27 (0.14)	0.35 (0.18)	<0.001	0.754	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.005
Peak MUR (/1)	0.14 (0.09)	0.38 (0.22)	0.42 (0.23)	0.57 (0.31)	0.71 (0.29)	<0.001	0.814	<0.001	0.009	<0.001	0.001
IMW	7.00 (4.26)	18.37 (9.77)	20.41 (10.46)	27.04 (14.32)	35.28 (17.57)	<0.001	0.752	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.005

	Sternal fibers of pectoralis major							Sternal fibers of pectoralis major
Mean MUR (/1)	0.12 (0.08)	0.30 (0.15)	0.32 (0.13)	0.37 (0.15)	0.53 (0.24)	<0.001	0.781	<0.001	0.005	0.001	0.006
Peak MUR (/1)	0.21 (0.15)	0.54 (0.23)	0.59 (0.23)	0.71 (0.26)	1.01 (0.42)	<0.001	0.829	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	0.002
IMW	11.94 (7.53)	30.23 (14.77)	32.27 (13.23)	37.53 (15.11)	52.80 (24.06)	<0.001	0.780	<0.001	0.005	0.001	0.006