Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro Grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover)
Table 1
Total phenolic, total flavonoid, and extraction yield of methanol extract and soluble fractions of in vivo and in vitro grown plants (aerial parts) and also callus tissue of Trifolium pretense.
Plant extract
Total phenolic (mg gallic acid/g dry sample)
Total flavonoid (mg rutin equivalent/g dry sample)
Extraction yield (%)
In vivo
Methanol extract
46.88 ± 1.07a
26.61 ± 0.92a
13.89 ± 0.54a
n-Hexane fraction
30.52 ± 0.72cd
16.06 ± 1.58d
10.79 ± 0.59c
Ethyl acetate fraction
27.57 ± 0.49e
11.71 ± 1.43fg
6.39 ± 1.12e
Chloroform fraction
40.17 ± 0.88b
19.56 ± 1.11b
12.23 ± 0.54b
In vitro
Methanol extract
31.94 ± 1.68c
13.03 ± 0.79ef
10.84 ± 0.72c
n-Hexane fraction
20.06 ± 0.41g
8.23 ± 0.96h
5.20 ± 0.54f
Ethyl acetate fraction
16.90 ± 1.19h
6.11 ± 0.79i
2.35 ± 0.5g
Chloroform fraction
25.43 ± 0.87f
10.39 ± 0.79g
7.18 ± 0.82e
Callus
Methanol extract
40.82 ± 1.5b
17.84 ± 0.53c
11.36 ± 0.55bc
n-Hexane fraction
31.77 ± 1.14c
12.70 ± 0.94ef
6.13 ± 0.34ef
Ethyl acetate fraction
19.23 ± 0.66g
7.21 ± 0.74hi
2.98 ± 0.66g
Chloroform fraction
29.25 ± 1.62de
14.02 ± 1.08e
8.70 ± 0.52d
Each value is represented as mean ± SD (). Means in the same column not sharing the same letters are significantly different at (Duncan) .