Chewing Gum: Cognitive Performance, Mood, Well-Being, and Associated Physiology

Table 3

Well-being and performance at baseline and following one-day chewing gum intervention/no-gum control.

	Baseline		Intervention
	Chewing gum	No gum	Chewing gum	No gum
Job stress	1.44 (.1)	1.48 (.07)	1.08 (.12)^*	1.42 (.11)
Fatigue	2.39 (.12)	2.26 (.11)	2.18 (.14)^*	2.33 (.12)
Anxiety	5.08 (.35)	4.63 (.29)	3.03 (.3)	2.61 (.29)
Depression	2.72 (.28)	2.12 (.24)	2.42 (.28)	1.97 (.23)
Inattention	2.17 (.17)	2.32 (.18)	2.05 (.2)^*	2.52 (.21)
Behind with work	2.31 (.1)	2.48 (.11)	1.35 (.13)^**	1.84 (.13)
Cognitive problems	1.97 (.12)	1.98 (.11)	1.01 (.11)	1.39 (.12)

Standard errors of the means are in parentheses. Significant effects of gum intervention compared to no-gum, adjusting for baseline scores: ^*indicates < .05, indicates = .01, and ^**indicates < .01.