Noncoding RNAs, Emerging Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Development and Diseases

Table 1

miRNAs and targets implicated in the development of skeletal muscle.

miRNA	miRNA target(s)	Function in myogenic differentiation	References
miR-1	HDAC4; Pax7	Promote differentiation; Inhibit proliferation	[26, 33]
miR-133	SRF; UCP2	Promote proliferation; Promote differentiation	[26, 110]
miR-206	Polα1, Cx43; Pax3/7, Fstl1, and Utrn; Notch3 and Igfbp5	Promote differentiation; Inhibit proliferation	[33–35, 41, 63, 64, 111]
miR-23a	Myh	Inhibit differentiation	[112]
miR-24	Smad 3	Promote differentiation	[59]
miR-26a	Ezh2; Smad 1 and Smad 4	Promote differentiation	[48, 49]
miR-27	Pax3; Myostatin	Promote satellite cell activation Promote differentiation	[37, 57, 58]
miR-29	HDAC4, YY1, Ring1, Rybp, Akt3, Col, and Lims1	Promote differentiation, inhibit proliferation, and fibrosis	[50–52, 58, 113, 114]
miR-31	Myf5	Maintenance of quiescence/stemness	[39]
miR-124	Dlx5	Inhibit differentiation	[115]
miR-125b	IGF-II	Inhibit differentiation	[116]
miR-128a	Insr; IRS1 and Pik3r1	Inhibit proliferation	[117]
miR-148a	ROCK1	Promote differentiation	[118]
miR-146b	Smad4, Notch1, and Hmga2	Promote differentiation	[119]
miR-155	MEF2A	Inhibit differentiation	[120]
miR-181	Hox-A11	Promote differentiation	[32]
miR-186	Myogenin	Inhibit differentiation	[31]
miR-195/497	Cdc25, Ccnd	Maintenance of quiescence/stemness	[43]
miR-199a-3p	IGF-1, mTOR, and RPS6KA6	Inhibit differentiation	[121]
miR-199a-5p	FZD4, JAG1, and WNT2	Promote proliferation	[99]
miR-203 miR-203b	c-JUN, MEF2C, and MyoD	Inhibit proliferation and differentiation	[122, 123]
miR-208b; miR-499	Sox6, Purβ, Sp3, and HP-1β	Fiber type determination	[67]
miR-214	Ezh2	Promote differentiation	[47, 124]
miR-221/222	p27, MyoD	Inhibit differentiation	[125, 126]
miR-322/424	Cdc25A	Promote differentiation	[44]
miR-351	E2f3	Promote proliferation	[127]
miR-378	MyoR	Promote differentiation	[128]
miR-486	Pax7	Promote differentiation	[38]
miR-489	Dek	Maintenance of quiescence/stemness	[129]
miR-503	Cdc25A	Inhibit proliferation	[44]
miR-669	MyoD	Inhibit proliferation	[130]
miR-675	Smad1, Smad5, and Cdc6	Promote differentiation	[60]
miR-682	Unknown	Promote proliferation	[131]
miR-1192	HMGB1	Inhibit differentiation	[132]
miR-3906	Homer-1b	Promote differentiation	[133]