Exercise and BMI in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Trial Sequential Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Changes in primary and secondary outcomes.

Variable	ES (#)	(95% CI)			% (95% CI)	%	95% PI
Primary
BMI (kg⋅m^−2)	22	−1.08 (−0.52, −1.64)	−3.81 (<0.001)	231.4 (<0.001)	90.9 (87.6, 93.4)	91.5	−3.74, 1.58
Secondary
Body weight (kg)	20	−1.66 (−0.87, −2.45)	−4.11 (<0.001)	57.3 (<0.001)	66.8 (47.0, 79.2)	78.0	−4.48, 1.17
Fat mass (kg)	14	−1.07 (−0.36, −1.79)	−2.93 (0.003)	29.5 (0.006)	55.9 (19.8, 75.8)	62.6	−3.33, 1.19
Body fat (%)	17	−1.13 (−0.58, 1.67)	−4.05 (<0.001)	56.2 (<0.001)	71.5 (53.6, 82.6)	77.1	−3.16, 0.91
Fat-free mass (kg)	15	−0.006 (−0.24, 0.22)	−0.05 (0.96)	21.8 (0.08)	35.8 (0, 65.4)	39.2	—
VO2max (mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	10	3.1 (1.1, 5.2)	2.95 (<0.001)	197.8 (<0.001)	95.4 (93.3, 96.9)	96.8	−4.53, 10.76
Muscular strength (kg)
Upper	3	7.7 (4.4, 10.9)	4.58 (<0.001)	0.9 (0.63)	0 (0, 92.7)	0	6.3, 9.0
Lower	3	44.2 (29.5, 59.0)	5.88 (<0.001)	0.3 (0.86)	0 (0, 77.3)	0	42.9, 45.6
Energy intake (kcals)	6	−141 (−294, 13)	−1.80 (0.07)	8.9 (0.11)	43.6 (0, 77.7)	59.4	—

Notes.^#Number; ES: effect size; (95% CI): mean and 95% confidence interval; : value and alpha value for ; : Cochrane’s statistic and alpha value for ; (%): -squared; 95% PI: 95% prediction intervals; : -squared; BMI: body mass index; VO_2max: maximum oxygen consumption; kcals: kilocalories; data limited to those groups in which aerobic exercise was an intervention; data limited to those groups in which strength training was an intervention; statistically significant; —: not calculated; boldface items indicate statistical significance.