Kinematics of Rotation in Joints of the Lower Limbs and Pelvis during Gait: Early Results—SB ACLR Approach versus DB ACLR Approach

Table 5

Intragroup evaluation and intergroup comparison of examined variables in the hip joint.

Hip joint
Internal (+) and external (−) rotation during gait cycle (degrees)
Gait phases	Studied group	Involved/right leg		Uninvolved/left leg
		x	SD	x	SD
KHS	SB ACLR	2.19	7.30	−1.11	7.78	0.287
	DB ACLR	−3.88	11.20	−4.59	9.64	0.716
	Control	−7.27	6.26	−8.15	5.60	0.614
	P	0.034		0.095
K1	SB ACLR	6.60	7.14	3.08	5.03	0.277
	DB ACLR	−0.55	10.46	0.15	8.59	0.770
	Control	−2.71	5.79	−3.95	5.72	0.440
	P	0.023		0.042
K2	SB ACLR	7.18	6.25	6.16	8.11	0.768
	DB ACLR	1.68	9.41	2.98	7.10	0.547
	Control	−1.43	5.17	−0.11	4.65	0.415
	P	0.020		0.075
KTO	SB ACLR	8.19	8.14	5.90	7.80	0.500
	DB ACLR	2.25	10.48	2.78	6.18	0.847
	Control	−4.15	6.37	−4.65	4.91	0.765
	P	0.004		<0.001
K3	SB ACLR	9.49	8.10	5.70	8.42	0.169
	DB ACLR	1.85	11.14	1.48	11.12	0.904
	Control	−4.65	6.18	−4.25	6.54	0.836
	P	0.001		0.027
K4	SB ACLR	0.45	5.66	−3.78	8.22	0.285
	DB ACLR	−6.15	12.75	−6.82	9.92	0.811
	Control	−12.97	6.35	−12.65	5.10	0.856
	P	0.003		0.023

ACLR: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; SB ACLR: group after single-bundle ACLR; DB ACLR: group after double-bundle ACLR; control: control group; : arithmetic mean; SD: standard deviation; KHS: the first contact between the foot and the ground; K1: maximal knee flexion at the beginning of stance phase; K2: the biggest extension of the knee during a single stance; KTO: detaching the toes at the end of stance phase; K3: maximal knee flexion during swing phase; K4: maximal extension of the knee joint in the preparatory phase before stance phase; : significance level (one-way Anova); : significance level (parametric -test for dependent samples). Values in bold are statistically significant.
Presented values obtained in the SB and DB ACLR groups refer to involved leg while values obtained in the control group refer to the right leg.