Workplace Bullying as a Risk Factor for Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Mediating Role of Job-Related Psychological Strain

Table 2

Direct effects ().

	Mediator	Outcome variables MSD
	Strain	Low back	Upper back	Neck	Shoulders
Bullying	2.539^***	0.474^*	0.534^**	0.371^*	0.209
Strain	—	0.046^**	0.042^**	0.040^*	0.021
Physical demand	3.795^***	0.888^***	0.634^***	0.524^***	0.959^***
Age	0.126^***	−0.003	0.022	0.017	0.056^***
Gender (1 = male)	−1.261	−0.671^*	−0.506^*	−1.169^***	−0.571^*
Role (1 = employee)	0.604	0.535	0.366	0.224	0.066
Contract (1 = part-time)	−0.062	−0.132	0.222	−0.042	0.108

Notes: coefficients are not standardized. ^***; ^**; ^*.