Endogenous Ouabain: An Old Cardiotonic Steroid as a New Biomarker of Heart Failure and a Predictor of Mortality after Cardiac Surgery
Table 1
Characteristics of population.
Population characteristics (845 subjects)
Anthropometric and preoperative parameters
Gender (f/m, %)
34.4/65.6
Age (years)
62.40 ± 13.14
BMI (kg/m2)
25.28 ± 4.11
Plasma creatinine (mg/dL)
0.90 ± 0.23
eGFR (mL/m 1.73 m2)
80.25 ± 20.47
Hypertension (%)
55.4
Diabetes (%)
14.5
Peripheral vascular disease (%)
17.7
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%)
11.5
EuroSCORE
4.03 ± 4.54
CLIN-RISK#
9.38 ± 4.08
Plasma EO (pmol/L)
174 [118–241]
204.62 ± 145.96
NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)
680.72 ± 910.53
Cardiological characteristics
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)
56.98 ± 10.27
Class LVEF (%)
30%
3.3
30–50%
19.9
50%
76.8
Interventricular septum (mm)
11.31 ± 2.12
Cardiac End-Diastolic Diameter (mm)
53.86 ± 7.95
NYHA classification (%)
I
22.1
II
55.9
III
21.0
IV
1.1
Surgical characteristics
Surgery type (%)
Valve repair (VR)
49.5
Isolated coronary bypass (CABG)
16.3
CABG + VR
18.5
Aortic Arch surgery
13.3
Other
2.2
Reoperation cardiac surgery (%)
10.7
Combined surgery (%)
18.6
Cardiopulmonary bypass used (%)
88.9
Cardiopulmonary bypass duration (min)
68.85 ± 30.04
Postoperative time
Plasma creatinine (mg/dL)
1.20 ± 0.63
Plasma EO (pmol/L)
267 [200–357]
311.55 ± 200.70
ΔPlasma EO (pmol/L)
91.51 ± 195.52
Outcomes
AKI (%)
AKIN Stage I
23.3
AKIN Stage II
9.3
AKIN Stage II
2.3
In-hospital mortality (, %)
14 (1.7%)
Dichotomy variables: expressed as % (positive). Parametric variables: expressed as mean ± s.d. Nonparametric variables (): expressed as median (25–75 percentile) and mean ± s.d. Clinical risk model for postoperative severe AKI (based on gender, age, LVEF, hypertension, diabetes, renal function, reintervention, and surgery type (see [41, 42])).
