Peripheral Administration of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Induces Neuroinflammation and Sickness but Not Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice

Figure 1

Peripheral TNF-α administration induces the release of immune mediators in serum and brain. Time course of serum (left) and brain concentrations (right) of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as measured at 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h after i.p. TNF-α injection. Note that serum concentrations are shown as pg/mL while brain levels are expressed in pg/mg protein. Dashed lines indicate the detection limit of the measured analyte. Graphs are plotted as mean + SEM ( per group). Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by independent samples -test. () ; ; ; compared to 0 μg/kg TNF-α.