Cognitive Impairment, Depression, and Cooccurrence of Both among the Elderly in Panama: Differential Associations with Multimorbidity and Functional Limitations
Table 2
Comparisons of sociodemographic factors, multimorbidity, and limitations in BADL and IADL among participants with neither cognitive impairment nor depression (), cognitive impairment only (), depression only (), and cooccurring cognitive impairment and depression ().
Neither cognitive impairment nor depression
Cognitive impairment
Depression
Cooccurring cognitive impairment and depression
p
Number (%)
Number (%)
Number (%)
Number (%)
Gender
Male
60 (57.7)
20 (19.2)
14 (13.5)
10 (9.6)
4.80
.187
Female
90 (45.0)
45 (22.5)
41 (20.5)
24 (12.0)
Age
65–79 years
98 (55.7)
31 (17.6)
38 (21.6)
9 (5.1)
22.78
<.001
80+ years
52 (40.6)
34 (26.6)
17 (13.3)
25 (19.5)
Marital status
Widowed/single/divorced
72 (47.1)
35 (22.9)
26 (17.0)
20 (13.1)
1.83
.608
Married/partnered
78 (51.7)
30 (19.9)
29 (19.2)
14 (9.3)
Education
≤6 years
60 (37.5)
45 (28.1)
32 (20.0)
23 (14.4)
20.54
<.001
>6 years
90 (62.5)
20 (13.9)
23 (16.0)
11 (7.6)
Smoking
Never smoked
102 (49.3)
47 (22.7)
36 (17.4)
22 (10.6)
0.88
.828
Current/past smoker
48 (49.5)
18 (18.6)
19 (19.6)
12 (12.4)
Chronic conditions
0-1
47 (61.0)
24 (31.2)
2 (2.6)
4 (5.2)
69.86
<.001
2
60 (60.0)
21 (21.0)
12 (12.0)
7 (7.0)
3
31 (43.7)
15 (21.1)
16 (22.5)
9 (12.7)
4+
12 (21.4)
5 (8.9)
25 (44.6)
14 (25.0)
BADL limitations
None
76 (75.2)
4 (4.0)
18 (17.8)
3 (3.0)
51.17
<.001
At least one
74 (36.5)
61 (30.0)
37 (18.2)
31 (15.3)
IADL limitations
None
70 (66.0)
6 (5.7)
26 (24.5)
4 (3.8)
39.72
<.001
At least one
80 (40.4)
59 (29.8)
29 (14.6)
30 (15.2)
BADL: basic activities of daily living; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living.
