Cognitive Impairment, Depression, and Cooccurrence of Both among the Elderly in Panama: Differential Associations with Multimorbidity and Functional Limitations

Table 3

Multinomial logistic regression model predicting the effect of functional limitations and multimorbidity on cognitive impairment, depression, and both of them coexisting, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and smoking history.

Characteristic	Cognitive impairment ()		Depression ()		Cognitive impairment and depression ()
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Gender
Female	1.0 (.43, 2.48)	.941	1.9 (.74, 4.82)	.184	1.4 (.46, 4.56)	.533
Male	—		—		—
Age
80+ years	1.1 (.52, 2.13)	.879	.9 (.40, 2.04)	.804	3.2 (1.20, 8.30)	.020
65–79 years	—		—		—
Marital status
Widowed/single/divorced	1.4 (.66, 2.97)	.381	1.1 (.50, 2.49)	.782	1.9 (.69, 5.15)	.214
Married/partnered	—		—		—
Education
≤6 years	2.8 (1.39, 5.72)	.004	2.4 (1.13, 4.98)	.022	3.3 (1.33, 8.38)	.010
>6 years	—		—		—
Smoking
Current/past smoker	.7 (.30, 1.55)	.354	1.1 (.47, 2.43)	.877	1.0 (.38, 2.80)	.962
Never smoked	—		—		—
Chronic conditions
0-1	—		—		—
2	.6 (.26, 1.42)	.252	4.5 (.93, 21.43)	.062	1.0 (.26, 4.17)	.950
3	.6 (.25, 1.55)	.307	11.8 (2.43, 56.81)	.002	2.3 (.59, 8.77)	.235
4+	.6 (.17, 2.04)	.396	53.2 (10.54, 268.19)	<.001	11.5 (2.84, 46.63)	.001
BADL limitations
At least one	9.6 (3.07, 29.74)	<.001	2.3 (.95, 5.42)	.064	5.0 (1.26, 19.68)	.022
None	—		—		—
IADL limitations
At least one	3.4 (1.25, 9.53)	.017	.4 (.17, 1.05)	.063	1.4 (.39, 5.26)	.593
None	—		—		—