Research Article
The Effect of Nicotine Dependence on Psychopathology in Patients with Schizophrenia
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features according to nicotine dependence.
| | Characteristics | Nicotine dependence | Nonnicotine dependence | Statistic | | OR/mean difference
(95% CI) | | |
| | Age, years: mean (s.d.) | 39.6 (10.8) | 42.6 (11.6) | | 0.087 | | | Male, (%) | 68 (98.6) | 48 (42.9) | |
<0.001 | 90.6 (12.1–676) | | Ethnicity, (%) | | | | | | | Malay | 41 (49.4) | 42 (37.5) | | | | | Chinese | 20 (29) | 50 (44.6) | |
<0.001 | | | Indian | 8 (11.6) | 20 (17.90) | | | | | Duration of illness, years: mean (s.d.) | 13.9 (10.4) | 15.6 (9.8) | | 0.287 | | | Atypical antipsychotic, (%) | 46 (66.7) | 53 (53.5) | | **0.014 | 2.23 (1.19–4.15) | | Chlorpromazine equivalents (mg), mean (s.d.) | 276.8 (190.6) | 291.1 (487.0) | | 0.816 | | | Taking illicit drugs/alcohol, (%) | 19 (27.5) | 2 (1.8) | |
<0.01 | 0.05 (0.01–0.21) | | Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence
score, mean (s.d.) | 4.16 (2.36) | — | | | | | CO ppm (s.d) | 13.91 (7.16) | 2.22 (0.65) | |
<0.01 | 11.69 (9.97–13.42) | | Marital status, (%) | | | | | | | Single | 50 (72.5) | 72 (64.3) | | 0.22 | | | Divorced | 2 (2.9) | 1 (0.9) | | | | | Married | 17 (24.6) | 39 (34.8) | | | | | Employment, (%) | | | | | | | Employed | 41 (59.4) | 55 (49.1) | | 0.22 | | | Unemployed | 28 (40.6) | 57 (50.9) | | | | | Total income, (%) | | | | | | | ≤RM500 | 43 (62.3) | 92 (82.1) | | *0.014 | 11.35 (0.011–0.017) | | RM501–1000 | 15 (21.7) | 15 (13.4) | | | | | RM1001–2000 | 6 (8.7) | 2 (1.8) | | | | | RM2001–3000 | 4 (4.8) | 3 (2.7) | | | | | >RM3000 | 1 (1.4) | 0 | | | | | Education level, (%) | | | | | | | Primary | 10 (14.5) | 15 (13.4) | | | | | Secondary | 53 (76.8) | 75 (67) | | 0.22 | | | College/university | 6 (8.7) | 21 (18.8) | | | | | No education | 0 | 1 (0.9) | | | |
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, , s.d. = standard deviation, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, and CO ppm = carbon monoxide in parts per million.
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