Advanced Glycation End Products Enhance Macrophages Polarization into M1 Phenotype through Activating RAGE/NF-κB Pathway

Figure 2

Effects of AGEs on production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10. Cells were cultured with AGEs for 24 h, using BSA 500 μg/mL as controls. The mRNA levels were detected by real time PCR. Secretion of cytokines was detected by ELISA. AGEs upregulated mRNA expression of IL-6 (a) and TNF-α (b) in a dose dependent manner. Highest concentration of AGEs also increased mRNA expression of IL-10 (c). AGEs significantly increased secretion of IL-6 (d) and TNF-α (e). Highest concentration of AGEs also increased IL-10 secretion (f). ; ; and compared with control. Each bar represents the mean value ± SD of triplicate determinations, representative of three independent experiments.

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