Vitamin D Deficiency in HIV Infection: Not Only a Bone Disorder
Table 4
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, coronary artery calcium (or calcification) and hypovitaminosis D in HIV patients.
Authors (year), journal
Nation
Patients
Results
Comments
Lai et al. (2013) [47], Vascular Health and Risk Management
US
846 HIV-infected African-American participants.
28.1% had CAC.
Logistic regression analysis revealed the factors independently associated with CAC: age, male sex, family history of CAD, years of cocaine use, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, PI treatment length, and, finally, vitamin D deficiency.
SShikuma, Seto et al. (2012), AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
US (Hawaii)
100 patients of the HIV-Cardiovascular Cohort Study
Median 25(OH)D: 27.9 ng/mL. CAC was present in 53%.
A significant correlation was observed between 25(OH)D levels and FMD () but not with cIMT (). Lower 25(OH)D levels were at slightly higher risk of having CAC (); these lower 25(OH)D levels were not associated with higher CAC scores ().
Gepner, Ramamurthy et al. (2012), PLoS One
US
114 healthy postmenopausal women (54 treated with vitamin D supplementation and 57 with placebo).
Median pretreatment 25(OH)D 30.3 in treatment group, 32.3 in placebo group. FMD pretreatment 0.018 in treatment group, 0.016 in placebo group. FMD posttreatment 0.001 in treatment group, 0.001 in placebo group.
Authors proved no improvement in endothelial function, arterial stiffness (as measured by brachial artery FMD, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and aortic augmentation index), or inflammation markers after vitamin D supplementation in the general population.
de Boer, Kestenbaum et al. (2009), Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
US
1370 HIV-negative patients (394 with and 976 without CKD).
53% had CAC at baseline (65% with CKD and 48% without CDK). 21% of subjects who do not have CAC at baseline developed it during 3-year follow-up.
Lower 25(OH)D concentration was associated with increased risk for CAC development; each 10 ng/mL 25(OH)D reduction there was a 23% increased risk ().
