Heteronemin, a Spongean Sesterterpene, Induces Cell Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Renal Carcinoma Cells

Figure 2

Effects of heteronemin treatment on cell apoptosis induction and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in A498 cells. (a) Cells were treated with DMSO or heteronemin at various concentrations (0.5, 1, and 3 μM) for 24 h. Formation of cytoplasmic DNA was quantitatively measured by cell death kit. Data are expressed as the mean percentage of control ± S.D. of three independent experiments. , , and compared with the control group. A498 cells were incubated in the absence or presence of heteronemin at various concentrations (0.5, 1, and 3 μM) for 24 h (b) or treated for indicated times (c), and cells were harvested and prepared for detection by western blotting. DMSO was used as the vehicle control (CTL).

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(b)

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