Prevalence of Malaria Infection and Risk Factors Associated with Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Semiurban Community of Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India
Table 5
Risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women (PW) and malaria during pregnancy (MIP) using univariate and multivariate analysis.
PW
PW
PW
PW
PW
MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
MIP
Number
Crude OR (95% CI)
p
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
p
Number
Crude OR (95% CI)
p
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
p
Factors at ANC
Malaria
No
1203
1
0.0001
1
0.0002
9
1
0.0001
1
0.0001
Yes
68
2.7 (1.4–3.8)
2.8 (1.2–3.4)
59¥
3.1 (1.7–5.3)
3.4 (1.9–6.5)
Ferritin (ng/mL)
<50
117
1
0.002
1
0.001
5
1
0.0001
1
0.0004
≥50
1154
1.8 (1.3–2.3)
2.2 (1.6–3.5)
63
2.1 (1.6–3.3)
2.4 (1.7–4.1)
Iron (µg/dL)
≥40
236
1
0.006
1
0.003
10
1
0.001
1
0.0001
<40
1035
1.7 (1.6–2.7)
1.9 (1.8–3.4)
58
2.2 (1.5–3.3)
2.3 (1.2–2.7)
Haemoglobin (Hb) (g/dL)
Hb > 11
217
1
0.0001
1
0.0003
19
1
0.0001
1
0.0002
Hb < 11
1054
3.8 (2.3–8.7)
4.2 (2.1–8.8)
0.0002
49
4.8 (1.7–8.1)
5.4 (1.6–8.6)
Education
NFE
357
1
0.003
1
0.001
13
1
0.0001
1
0.0001
FE
914
2.1 (1.4–2.9)
2.3 (1.7–3.9)
55
2.2 (1.6–3.5)
2.6 (1.3–3.4)
Factors at DU
Malaria
No
833
1
0.0001
1
0.0002
5
1
0.001
1
0.0001
Yes
37
2.1 (1.2–2.5)
2.4 (1.6–3.8)
32¥
2.2 (1.4–3.1)
2.8 (1.7–4.7)
Ferritin (ng/mL)
<50
205
1
0.004
1
0.0003
7
1
0.0001
1
0.0002
≥50
665
1.4 (1.2–1.7)
1.7 (1.4–2.3)
30
2.1 (1.8–3.8)
2.3 (1.5–3.5)
Iron (µg/dL)
<40
683
1
0.002
1
0.0002
31
1
0.006
1
0.0003
≥40
187
1.9 (1.6–3.1)
2.2 (1.3–2.9)
6
2.3 (1.5–3.5)
2.5 (1.3–3.3)
Haemoglobin (Hb) (g/dL)
Hb > 11
173
1
0.0001
1
0.0001
8
1
0.001
1
0.0001
Hb < 11
697
3.1 (1.8–5.6)
3.6 (2.1–7.6)
29
4.2 (1.9–7.8)
4.8 (1.6–7.7)
Education#
NFE
321
1
0.004
1
0.0002
11
1
0.002
1
0.0001
FE
549
1.6 (1.1–1.8)
1.8 (1.4–2.6)
26
1.7 (1.5–2.6)
2.1 (1.7–3.6)
PW = pregnant women, MIP = malaria in pregnancy, ANC = antenatal care unit, and DU = delivery unit; #NFE = no formal education, FE = formal education. In case of MIP, the comparison is between P. vivax versus P. falciparum and mix infection; P. falciparum + mix infection, ¥P. vivax.
