A Simple Sperm DNA Toroid Integrity Test and Risk of Miscarriage

Figure 1

A simple sperm toroid integrity (STI) test of sperm quality in the male partner of patients undergoing IVF with ICSI treatment. Sperm were pretreated with acidified detergent dithiothreitol (DTT) and stained with the Diff-Quik stain kit followed by immersion in water for one minute. Sperm with abnormal chromatin had dark-colored nuclei (type D, only 1 sperm labeled per panel as an example) in contrast with light-colored normal chromatin nuclei (type L). Panels 1 to 3 were from different patients with miscarriage, while Panel 4 was from a patient with live-birth outcome.

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