Alpha-Mangostin Attenuation of Hyperglycemia-Induced Ocular Hypoperfusion and Blood Retinal Barrier Leakage in the Early Stage of Type 2 Diabetes Rats

Figure 4

(a) Retinal tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α) and (b) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which were determined in normal control rats (CON), type 2 diabetic rats (DM2), and α-MG supplemented type 2 diabetic rats (DM2-MG). Values are presented as mean ± SEM. ^+,++,+++ indicate significant differences compared to the CON rats at , , and , respectively. ^#,### indicate significant differences compared to the DM2 rats at and , respectively.

(a)

(b)