Alpha-Mangostin Attenuation of Hyperglycemia-Induced Ocular Hypoperfusion and Blood Retinal Barrier Leakage in the Early Stage of Type 2 Diabetes Rats

Table 1

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum insulin (S. insulin), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood cholesterol (CHOL), and triglyceride (TG) levels in normal control rats (CON), type 2 diabetic rats (DM2), α-MG supplemented normal control rats (CON-MG), and α-MG supplemented type 2 diabetic rats (DM2-MG) at the 8th week supplementation.

	CON ()	CON-MG ()	DM2 ()	DM2-MG ()
MAP (mmHg)	104.79 ± 1.10	102.46 ± 1.46	129.95 ± 1.89^+++	111.52 ± 1.95^+,###
HbA1C (mg/dL)	3.73 ± 0.08	3.57 ± 0.04	6.70 ± 0.43^+++	5.18 ± 0.32^++,#
S. insulin (U/L)	4.37 ± 0.47	4.68 ± 0.50	155.00 ± 8.48^+++	128.50 ± 8.71^+++,#
HOMA-IR	1.20 ± 0.11	1.29 ± 0.30	154.80 ± 13.90^+++	90.45 ± 6.82^+++,##
CHOL (mg/dL)	96.20 ± 2.46	92.80 ± 1.86	156.14 ± 6.25^+++	112.00 ± 3.24^+++,###
TG (mg/dL)	90.70 ± 1.41	80.50 ± 1.02	136.43 ± 7.35^+++	101.28 ± 4.17^###

Values are presented as mean ± SEM.
ns: not significantly different from the CON rats.
^+,++,+++indicate significant differences compared to the CON rats at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively.
^#,##,###indicate significant differences compared to the DM2 rats at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively.