Animal Models for the Study of Rodent-Borne Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Arenaviruses and Hantaviruses

Table 3

Animal models for the evaluation of hantavirus pathogenesis.

	Virus	Animal model/strain	Virus strain	Virus dose	Route(s) of infection	% lethality	Time to death (days)	Salient features	Reference
OW	HTNV	ICR suckling mice	76–118	830 PFU/mL	i.c., i.p., i.m., and s.c.	100	19-20	Only in mice infected within 72 hrs of birth, decreasing thereafter	[177]
	HTNV	ICR suckling mice	76–118	Serial passages of homogenized brain	i.c., i.p.	97	13-14	Mice infected 2 to 4 days after birth	[184, 185]
	HTNV	BALB/c suckling mice	76–118	3.8 × 10^3 PFU (IP),  PFU (IC)	i.c., i.p.	22.2 by both routes	8–15	Mice infected within 24 hrs of birth	[186]
	HTNV	Striped field mice	76–118	10^5.9 ID50	i.m., s.c., i.p., p.o., i.l., and i.n.	0	N/A	Antigen, not infectious virus, and persists in lung for 1 yr	[187]
	HTNV	6–10-week-old Syrian hamsters	76–118	10^3 PFU	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic infection	[188–190]
	PUUV	6–10-week-old Syrian hamsters	K27	1,000–2,000 PFU	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic infection	[46, 188, 190]
	PUUV	Suckling and weanling bank voles	Hällnäs	750–10^3.5 ID50	i.c., i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic, persistent infection	[191]
	PUUV	Cynomolgus macaques	Hällnäs	10^5 ID50	i.t.	0	N/A	NHP exhibit lethargy, proteinuria, and microhematuria, with histopathological changes in the kidney	[192]
	DOBV	1–5-day-old NMRI suckling mice	Slovenia	50, 500, and 5,000 FFU	i.c.	13–88	18–26	Viremia, neutralizing antibodies, and elevated levels of NO detected	[193]
	DOBV	6–8-week-old Syrian hamsters	Slovenia	2,000 PFU	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic infection	[188]
	SEOV	6-day-old Lewis rats	80–39	10^6 TCID50	i.p.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic, persistent infection	[194]
	SEOV	Syrian hamsters (no age specified)	80–39	1,000 PFU	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic infection	[190]
	SEOV	70–80-day-old Norway rats	SR-11	10^−4–10^6 PFU	i.p.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic, persistent infection	[195]
	SEOV	Syrian hamsters (no age specified)	SR-11	1,000 PFU	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic infection	[196]
NW	ANDV	6–8-week-old Syrian hamsters	Chile-9717869	2–20,000 PFU	i.m., i.n., s.c., and i.g.	Up to 100	10–16 IM, 10–20 IN	Recapitulates human disease in incubation time, rapid-progressing respiratory distress, and pathologic findings in the lung	[62, 197, 198]
	SNV	6–8-week-old Syrian hamsters	CC107	2,000–20,000 PFU	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic infection, no viremia, and little dissemination Hamster-adapted SNV increases dissemination	[197, 199, 200]
	SNV	6–8-week-old Syrian hamsters	CC107	2,000 PFU	i.m.	100	10–14	Hamsters immunosuppressed with dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide	[201]
	SNV	Rhesus macaques	77734	6 × 10^6 based on RT-PCR Ct values	i.t., i.n., p.o., and intraocular simultaneously	70	15–22	Using only deer mouse-passaged SNV	[202]
	SNV	4–6-week-old deer mice	77734	5–20 ID50	i.m.	0	N/A	Asymptomatic, persistent infection	[203, 204]
	MAP	4-week-old Syrian hamsters	97021050	3.1 CCID50	i.m.	30	9–13	Recapitulates human disease in incubation time, rapid-progressing respiratory distress, and pathologic findings in the lung	[205]
	PHV	Cynomolgus macaques/Chimpanzee	Prospect Hill I	10^7 PFU	i.v.	0	N/A	Mild, transient proteinuria	[206]