| | Characteristic | Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
| | At rheumatoid arthritis incidence | | | ESR at RA incidence, per 10 mm/hour increase | 1.10 (0.99, 1.22) | | Rheumatoid factor positive | 1.35 (0.88, 2.08) | | Current smoker | 1.29 (0.78, 2.13) | | Former smoker | 1.00 (0.63, 1.57) | | Family history of coronary heart disease | 1.16 (0.72, 1.89) | | At rheumatoid arthritis incidence or during follow-up (time-dependent) | | | Comorbid condition | | | Hypertension | 2.01 (0.72, 5.59) | | Diabetes mellitus | 1.39 (0.86, 2.24) | | Dyslipidemia | 0.77 (0.48, 1.25) | | Coronary heart disease | 1.53 (0.96, 2.45) | | Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 1.33 (0.87, 2.04) | | Underweight (BMI < 20 kg/m2) | 1.51 (0.88, 2.58) | | Alcohol abuse | 1.87 (0.92, 3.81) | | Rheumatoid arthritis disease characteristics | | | Rheumatoid nodules | 1.42 (0.91, 2.22) | | Erosive or destructive RA | 1.29 (0.84, 1.98) | | Severe extra-articular RA* | 3.29 (1.98, 5.48) | | Large joint swelling | 1.48 (0.85, 2.57) | | ESR > 60 mm/hr on 3 occasions | 2.04 (1.19, 3.50) | | Major joint arthroplasty | 1.45 (0.92, 2.26) | | Medications | | | Methotrexate | 1.46 (0.93, 2.28) | | Hydroxychloroquine | 0.91 (0.59, 1.41) | | Other DMARDs** | 1.35 (0.83, 2.18) | | Biologic agent | 1.34 (0.57, 3.15) | | Corticosteroids | 1.40 (0.87, 2.27) | | Cox-2 inhibitor | 1.73 (1.10, 2.73) | | ASA (≥6 tabs/day for ≥3 mo) | 1.03 (0.63, 1.70) | | NSAID | 0.96 (0.49, 1.90) |
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*Pericarditis, pleuritis, Felty’s syndrome, major cutaneous or other organ vasculitis, neuropathy, scleritis, episcleritis, retinal vasculitis, or glomerulonephritis.
**Disease modifying antirheumatic drug includes gold, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, D-penicillamine, or leflunomide.
ASA: acetylated salicylates; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren); NSAID: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
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