Health Impacts of Increased Physical Activity from Changes in Transportation Infrastructure: Quantitative Estimates for Three Communities

Table 1

Relative risks.

Health outcome	Sex	Low category; (1–149 minutes' walking for transportation per week)	High category; (150+ minutes' walking for transportation per week)
All-cause mortality [23]	Combined	0.95 (0.98–0.92)^a	0.90 (0.96–0.85)
CHD [24]	Male; Female	0.99 (1.08–0.91)^c; 0.95 (1.08–0.83)^c	0.99 (1.10–0.90)^c; 0.80 (0.92–0.69)^c
Type 2 diabetes [26]	Combined	0.77 (1.02–0.58)^b	0.69 (0.88–0.54)^b
Hypertension [26]	Combined	0.76 (0.94–0.61)^b	0.69 (0.83–0.58)^b
Stroke [25]	Male; Female	0.94 (1.06–0.83)^c; 0.88 (1.01–0.77)^c	0.88 (1.02–0.77)^c; 0.87 (1.01–0.75)^c

95% confidence interval shown for all relative risks.
^bAdjusted for race, education, income, and smoking status.
^cAdjusted for education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, history of diabetes, and occupational and leisure-time physical activity.