Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4: A New Link between Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerosis?

Figure 1

Schematic diagram illustrating the role of DPP4 and its associations with diabetes, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. AGEs: advanced glycation end products; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; IR: insulin resistance; NO: nitric oxide; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1; SDF-1α: stromal cell-derived factor 1α; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.