Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4: A New Link between Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerosis?

Table 2

Prospective, randomized, controlled trials involving DPP4 inhibitors (gliptins) and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients.

Gliptin versus comparator	Study	Doses (mg/day)	Composite primary endpoints	Population
Alogliptin versus placebo [22]	Examination of cardiovascular outcomes with alogliptin versus standard of care (EXAMINE)^*	6.25, 12.5, or 25	Nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, or CV death	Patients with T2DM recently hospitalized for an ACS ( = 5380)
Saxagliptin versus placebo [23]	Saxagliptin assessment of vascular outcomes recorded in patients with diabetes mellitus – thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 53 trial (SAVOR-TIMI 53)^**	2.5 or 5	Nonfatal MI, nonfatal ischemic stroke, or CV death	High-risk CV patients with T2DM ( = 16492)
Linagliptin versus glimepiride [24]	Cardiovascular outcome study of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin (CAROLINA)^**	5	Nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, or CV death	High-risk CV patients with T2DM ( = ~6000)
Sitagliptin versus placebo [25]	Trial to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes after treatment with sitagliptin (TECOS)^***	50 or 100	Nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina	Patients with T2DM and previous CV disease; ( = ~14000)

ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CV: cardiovascular; MI: myocardial infarction; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus. ^*Superiority trial. ^**Noninferiority and superiority trial. ^***Noninferiority trial. Ongoing study. This is adapted from [26, 27].