|
| Inhibitor | Mechanism | Working condition | Ref. |
|
| Low temperature | Inhibit energy-dependent endocytosis | 4°C | [17] |
| Hypertonic medium | Inhibit clathrin-dependent endocytosis
(Dissociate clathrin lattice) |
0.2–0.45 M sucrose | [17, 50] |
| Potassium depletion | Inhibit clathrin-dependent endocytosis
(Dissociate clathrin lattice) | 50% DMEM w/1 mM ouabain | [50] |
| Fusicoccin | Endocytosis inhibitor
(H+-ATPase activator) | 10 M | [51] |
| Valinomycin/nigericin | Inhibit energy-dependent endocytosis
(Na+/K+ ATPase modulator; K+ selective ionophore) | 2 M | [52, 53] |
| Sodium azide/sodium fluoride/antimycin A | Inhibit energy-dependent endocytosis
(All metabolic inhibitors) | (0.15%/15 mM/2 g/mL) | [17] |
| Okadaic acid | Endocytosis and autophagy inhibitor | 1.5 M | [4, 26] |
| Nocodazole | Inhibit clathrin-dependent endocytosis
(Cause microtubule depolymerization) | 10–25 M | [17, 54] |
| Latrunculin A | Inhibit micropinocytosis
(F-actin depolymerization inhibitor) | 15 M | [55] |
| Cytochalasin D (CytD) | Inhibit macropinocytosis, clathrin- and caveolae-dependent endocytosis
(Inhibit F-actin rearrangement) | 1–30 M | [56–58] |
| N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) | Inhibit clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis
(Inhibit endosomal fusion, energy metabolism) | 0.1–3 mM | [59–61] |
|
Methyl--cyclodetritrin (MCD) | Inhibit clathrin- and caveolae-dependent endocytosis
(Deplete or sequester cholesterol) | 2 mM | [62] |
| Filipin | Inhibit caveolae-dependent endocytosis
(Inhibit lipid raft; cholesterol binding) | 5 g/mL | [63] |
| Nystatin | Inhibit caveolae-dependent endocytosis
(Inhibit lipid raft; sequester cholesterol) | 5 g/mL | [63] |
| Wortmannin | Inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis
(Inhibit PI-3 kinase) | 100 nM | [64] |
| 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA) | Inhibit micropinocytosis
(Inhibit Na+/H+ exchanger) | 100 M | [65] |
| Dextran sulfate | Inhibit binding of CPP to cell membrane | 5 g/mL | [66] |
| DMSO/ethanol | Direct membrane translocation enhancer | 10%/1% | [43] |
| Oleic acid/limonene/PEG | All direct membrane translocation enhancers | 5% | [28, 43] |
| Chloroquine | Lysosomotropic agent
(Cause vesicular lysis) | 100 & 25 M | [67, 68] |
| Ammonium chloride | Inhibit the fusion of lysosomes with endosomes | 10 mM | [67, 69] |
|
