Subfamily Flavonoids Typical origin In vitro /in vivo Cell lines/modes Effective dose Effects and related mechanisms Author (year) References Flavones Baicalein Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria radix) roots (Sho-Saiko-To) In vitro HepG2 cells 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 M ↑ protective autophagy, ↓ AKT/mTOR pathways ↓ p-AKT, p-ULK1, and p-4EBP1 Wang et al. (2015) [20 ] In vitro SMMC-7721 and Bel-7402 100 M ↑ apoptosis via ER stress, possibly by ↓ Bcl-2 family, ↑ intracellular calcium, and ↑ JNK ↑ protective autophagy
Wang et al. (2014) [93 ] In vitro /in vivo H22, Bel-7404, and Hep G2/cancer inducible ICR mice 0.5–100 g/mL/50 and 100 mg/kg ↑ G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, ↓ cancer cell proliferation, ↓ AKT ↓ β -catenin, and ↓ cyclin D1 Zheng et al. (2014) [21 ] In vitro /in vivo MHCC97H cells/nude mouse model LCI-D20 0, 10, 20, and 30 M/10 mg/kg/day ↓ tumor cell invasion, ↓ metastasis by ↓ cell motility ↓ migration via ↓ ERK pathway, ↓ MMP-2, ↓ MMP-9, ↓ u-PA expression, ↑ TIMP-1, and ↑ TIMP-2 expression Chen et al. (2013) [37 ] In vitro /in vivo HepG2/HCC xenografts in mice 40–120 M/N/A↑ apoptosis, ↓ MEK1, ↓ ERK1/2, ↓ Bad, ↓ MTP, ↑ caspase-9, and ↑ caspase-3
Liang et al. (2012) [76 ] In vitro /in vivo HA22T/VGH and SK-Hep1 cells/BALB c-nu mice 10 M/5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day↓ adhesion, invasion, migration, and proliferation ↓ metastasis; ↓ MMP-2, ↓ MMP-9, and ↓ uPA, ↓ p50 and p65 nuclear translocation, and ↓ pI B-β ↓ pPKCα and p38 MAPK Chiu et al. (2011) [94 ] In vitro Hep J5 cells 10–100 M↑ G2/M arrest and ↑ apoptosis (ER-dependent) ↑ cytochrome c release, ↑ caspase-9 and caspase-3, ↑ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, ↑ AIF, and Endo G release from mitochondria Kuo et al. (2009) [95 ] In vitro Hep G2 cells 25, 50, and 100 M ↑ G2/M population in Hep G2 cells ↑ apoptosis and ↓ proliferation Chang et al. (2002) [96 ]