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Subfamily | Flavonoids | Typical origin | In vitro/in vivo Cell lines/modes Effective dose | Effects and related mechanisms | Author (year) References |
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Isoflavones | Genistein | Dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria) | In vitro HepG2 cells 1.0 and 10 M | Regulation of MDR proteins, ↑ P-gp, and ↑ MRP2 protein; nutrient-drug interactions, ↑ chemoresistance to sorafenib |
Rigalli et al. (2015) [31] |
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| | | In vitro/in vivo HepG2 cells/nude mice 3, 6, and 9 M/50 mg/kg BW | ↑ E-cadherin, ↑ -catenin, ↓ N-cadherin, and Vimentin ↓ intrahepatic metastasis by ↓ EMT, which was correlated with ↓ NFAT1 | Dai et al. (2015) [22] |
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| | | In vitro HepG2, Huh-7, and HA22T3 dose dependent 20 μM | ↓ NF-B, ↓ AP-1 ↓ MAPK, IB, and ↓ PI3K/Akt, ↓ MMP-9, and ↓ EGFR | Wang et al. (2014) [98] |
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| | | In vitro/in vivo HCCLM3 cells/nude mice bearing human HCC xenografts 40 mol/L/2 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks | Synergistic effect with geneistin via ↓ cisplatin-induced MMP-2 expression | Chen et al. (2013) [37] |
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| | | In vitro/in vivo HepG2 and Hep3B/nude mice 15 M and 20 M/50 mg/kg | ↑ ATO suppressive effect via ↓ NF-B pathway, ↓ cyclin D1, ↓ Bcl-xL, ↓ Bcl-2, ↓ c-myc, ↓ COX-2, and ↓ VEGF | Ma et al. (2011) [99] |
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| | | In vitro SK-Hep-1 cells 0–50 M | ↑ apoptosis ↑ Fas, ↑ FasL, and ↑ p53; ↑ Bcl-2, ↑ caspase-9 and ↑ caspase-3, and ↑ PARP cleavage | Fang et al. (2010) [100] |
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| | | In vitro/in vivo HepG2, SK-Hep-1, and Hep3B/HepG2 xenografts in BALB/c nude mice 15 M, 15 M, and 20 M/50 mg/kg | Synergistic effect with ATO via ↓ Bcl-2 expression, ↑ Bax expression, ↑ caspase-9 and -3, ↑ cytochrome c, and ↑ ROS | Jiang et al. (2010) [101] |
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| | | In vitro Hep3B cells 12, 25, and 50 M | ↓ p38MAPK and ↑ TRAIL-mediated apoptosis; ↓ ERK, ↓ MMP, ↑ caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activity, ↑ PARP cleavage, and ↓ Bcl-2 protein | Jin et al. (2009) [39] |
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| | | In vitro Hep G2 cells 6.75 M baicalein + 25, 50, and 100 M silymarin | ↑ cells in G0/G1 phase, ↓ S-phase ↑ Rb, ↑ p53, ↑ p21(Cip1) and ↑ p27(Kip1), ↓ cyclin D1, ↓ cyclin E, ↓ CDK4, and ↓ phospho-Rb | Chen et al. (2008) [102] |
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| | | In vitro/in vivo MHCC97-H cells/BALB/c nu/nu mice (LCI-D20) 5, 10, and 20 g/mL/50 mg/kg | ↑ G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest, ↓ S phase, and ↑ apoptosis ↓ phosphorylation of FAK | Gu et al. (2009) [78] |
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| | | In vitro Hep3B cells 100 M | ↑ ER stress and ↑ mitochondrial insult in Hep3B cells, ↑ m-calpain, ↑ GADD153, ↑ GRP78, and ↑ caspase-12 ↑ caspase-2, ↑ ROS, ↓ Mcl-1 | Yeh et al. (2007) [77] |
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