Biomechanical Stability of Dental Implants in Augmented Maxillary Sites: Results of a Randomized Clinical Study with Four Different Biomaterials and PRF and a Biological View on Guided Bone Regeneration

Figure 1

Section through a human maxillary sinus specimen after detachment of the Schneiderian membrane with the tHUCSL-INTRALIFT-method in a fresh human cadaver head. RE: respiratory epithelium pointing inside the maxillary sinus, P: periosteum (total), SF: subsection of the periosteum (P): fibrous layer (“stratum fibrosum”), SO: subsection of the periosteum (P): osteogenic layer (“stratum osteogenicum”), O: osteoblasts (red dots), TB: trabecular bone (reddish), E: endosteum (blue layer covering all TB), G: gland, BV: blood vessel, and FT: fat tissue. Specimen at 20x magnification was prepared by immersion fixation in 5%-neutral-formaldehyde-solution, dehydrated with alcohol, embedded in Paraplast, and cut with a microtome to slices of 5-6 microns. Azan-staining was performed in order to visualize the osteoblasts within the periosteal layer (reddish color), the collagenous fibres of the periosteum and connective tissues of the sinus-membrane, and the connecting Sharpey fibres (dark blue color).