Systemic Inflammation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Association with Muscle Function and Nutritional Status

Table 3

Anthropometric, clinical, and inflammatory parameters in DMD patients with different levels of nutritional status.

	Underweight	Healthy weight	Overweight/obese
	n = 12	n = 39	n = 15
Age (years)	9.31 ± 3.34^a	9.32 ± 3.19^a	9.69 ± 2.82^a
Body weight (kg)	19.51 ± 4.87^a	27.32 ± 10.60^b	40.03 ± 15.74^c
Height (m)	1.22 ± 0.18^a	1.27 ± 0.17^a	1.32 ± 0.16^a
Body fat mass (%)	14.89 ± 5.34^a	26.87 ± 13.29^b	41.92 ± 8.29^c
Lean mass (kg)	15.63 ± 3.85^a	17.91 ± 4.11^ab	21.53 ± 7.04^bc
Body fat mass (kg)	2.62 (0.88, 5.42)^a	6.30 (1.58, 30.47)^b	13.14 (8.85, 45.08)^c
Leptin (ng/mL)	3.00 ± 1.40^ab	7.13 ± 6.44^ab	14.99 ± 10.11^c
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	48.17 ± 26.85^a	39.63 ± 20.84^a	30.36 ± 19.46^a
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.71 (2.00, 4.21)^a	3.09 (2.00, 9.00)^a	3.40 (2.00, 4.12)^a
IL-1 (pg/mL)	7.20 (0.34, 14.00)^a	4.60 (0.23, 28.50)^a	7.62 (1.54, 10.30)^a
TNF-α (pg/mL)	11.12 ± 2.74^a	10.76 ± 3.15^a	10.19 ± 1.97^a
CRP (mg/dL)	0.47 (0.30, 1.98)^a	1.01 (0.30, 6.96)^b	2.97 (0.30, 7.44)^b
CK (U/L)	11650.00 ± 6217.75^a	12389.45 ± 7404.90^a	9079.33 ± 5494.83^a
Vignos Scale	3.0 (2.0, 5.0)^a	2.0 (1.0, 9.0)^a	4.00 (1.0, 10.0)^a

DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; IL-6: cytokine 6; IL-1: cytokine 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK: creatine kinase. Values are presented as mean ± SD. Different superscript letters (a, b, and c) indicate statistically significant difference. P < 0.05 ANOVA, comparison among different levels of nutritional status using Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Some columns show two letters indicative of statistical significance (no difference or different from other groups).